ABSTRACT
This work was done to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus among cattle in Owerri, Imo State. A total of twenty four (24) samples were collected which were cultured on appropriate bacteriological media. The Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Out of the 24 samples, 23 yielded Staphylococcus aureus of which all were obtain from nasal swab samples and sputum swabs. The antibiotic resistant pattern of the 23 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were obtained as follows; Pefloxacin antibiotics showed both 82% Sensitivity and 17% Resistivity, Centamycin antibiotics showed both 52% Sensitivity and 47% Resistivity, Ampiclox antibiotics showed both 17% Sensitivity and 82% Resistivity, Zinnacef antibiotics showed both 17% Sensitivity and 82% Resistivity, Amoxacillin antibiotics showed both 8.6% Sensitivity and 91% Resistivity, Rosephin antibiotics showed both 47% Sensitivity and 52% Resistivity, Ciprofloxacin antibiotics showed both 65% Sensitivity and 34% Resistivity, Streptomycin antibiotics showed both 56% Sensitivity and 43% Resistivity, Septrin antibiotics showed both 73% Sensitivity and 26% Resistivity, Erythromycin antibiotics showed both 86% Sensitivity and 13% Resistivity. It was observed that the isolates showed resistant to all the antibiotics which could be assumed to be new clones and are of epidemiological concern. Out of the 10 antibiotics used Erythromycin showed the highest degree of inhibition to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus isolated. In conclusion this work showed that there is relatively high prevalence rate of resistance to many classes of antibiotics warranting to continued surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship. Therefore effective antibiotic susceptibility test should be encouraged.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Declaration iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgment v
Table of content vi-vii
List of table viii-ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Project statement 4
1.3.1 Aim 4
1.3.2 Objective 4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Staphylococcus species 5
2.2 Virulent factors and pathogenesis 11
2.3 Antibiotic resistance 12
2.4 Molecular mechanisms of resistance 16
2.5 Effects of environmental stress on antibiotic resistance 19
2.6 Test methods in detecting antimicrobial resistance 20
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Area of study 25
3.2 Sampling site 25
3.3 Sample collection 25
3.4 Media used 26
3.5 Reagents used 26
3.6 Materials used 26
3.7 Antibiotics used 28
3.8 Culturing of the isolates 28
3.9 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing 29
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
4.0 Results 31
4.1 Discussion 37
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Conclusion 39
5.1 Recommendation 40
REFERENCES 41-46
TABLES
Table 1: Scientific classification of Staphylococcus aureus 5
Table 2: The antibiotic/drug susceptibility test results
of the cattle samples 31
Table 2.1: The antibiotic/drug susceptibility test results
of the cattle samples 32
Table 2.2: The antibiotic/drug susceptibility test results
of the cattle samples 33
Table 3: Inhibition zone diameters of the antibiotics used
on the culture isolates 35
FIGURES
Fig 1: configuration of Staphylococcus aureus and microscopic
view under stain 6
Fig 2: colony characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus on culture plates 8
Fig 3: Species identification hierarchy 11
Fig 4: Mechanism by which organisms exhibit resistance to antibiotics 16
Fig 5: Culturing of the isolates 27
Fig 6: Microscopic view of Staphylococcus aureus under stain 29
Fig 7: Disc diffusion method and view of antibiotics in the media with
visible inhibition zones in the media 30
Fig 8: The antibiotic/drug resistant pattern of Staphylococcus aureus
isolates from the cattle 34
Fig 9: The inhibition zone pattern of the antibiotic used on the cattle
Isolates 36
