Abstract The study was conducted in the camel research center (CRC)( Shambat )to compare the effect of two hormonal protocols in ovulation induction in dromedary she- camel ( Camelus dromedarius ) during non breeding season. Number of eleven she – camels with varying age (6 – 17 years) and the average body weight from (250 – 350 kg ) and one male used for mating were selected for this experiment. The experimental animals were divided into three groups : group (A) control group ( N =3), group (B), (N = 3) intravenous injection with 1500 IU HCG 10 ml group ( c), ( N= 5) intravenous injection with 1000 IU of FOLLIGON (PMSG). Ovulation was observed in all experimental groups .The proportion of ovulation (4/5 , 2/3 , 1/3) 80%, 67 % 33% PMSG , control and HCG respectively. The confirmation of the ovulation was done by ultrasonographic examination .Results of the present study demonstrated that there is a highly significant difference between HCG ,PMSG and control group in induction of ovulation in dromedary she – camel during non breeding season (P≤ 0.05) also there is significant difference in number and size of ovarian follicle in left and right ovary (P≤ 0.05). In PMSG group ovulation occurred after 48 h post injection .In HCG group the ovulation occurred after 5 days post injection . The study concluded that for ovulation to occur the size of the mature ovarian follicle should reach size of 0.7 – 3cm.

Koranic Verse I

Dedication 7

Acknowledgments 7

Abstract 7

Arabic Abstract 7

list of Contents I 7

Table of Contents 7

Chapter :Introduction & Objective 1 – 3

Chapter 2 : literature review 4- 25

2-1 – The Camel 4

2-1-1- Domestication Of Camel 5 – 6

2-1-2- Camel Classification 6-7

2-1-3- Camel Economic Importance 7 -8

2-1-4- Camel In Sudan 7 – 8

2-1-5-Camel Distribution &Number 9- 10

2-1-6- Camel Breeds Of The Sudan 10

2-1-7- Camel Reproduction 11 – 12

2-1-7-1- Camel Puberty 12

2-1-7-2-Camel Fertility & Infertility 13

2-1-7-3- Camel Breeding Season 13 – 14

2-1-7-4- Camel Steaming Up 15

2-1-7-5-Camel Estrus Cycle& 16- 19

Ovulation

8

2-1-7-6- Follicular Waves Pattern 19- 20

2-1-7-7- Sexual Cycle Of Male 20-21

Camel

2-1-7-8- Rutting Behavior 21-22

2-1-7-9- Copulation 22

2-1-7-10- Pregnancy Of Camel 23

2-1-7-11-Pregnancy Diagnosis 23-24

2-1-7-12- The Main Challenge 24-25

Facing Camel Reproduction

Chapter 3 : Material & Methods 26- 29

3-1- Site Of The Experiment 26

3-2- Duration Of The Study 26

3-3- Building & Housing 26

3-4- Herd Structure 27

3-5- Feeding Program 27

3-6- The Experiment 27

3-7- Hormonal Protocol 27

3-8- Ovarian Examination 28

3-9- Ultraonographic Examination 28

3-10- Mating Program 29

3-11- Statistical Analysis 29

Chapter 4 Results &Discussion 30-39

Conclusion &Recomendation 40

References 41- 49

Appendix 50 – 69