Contents

TITLE PAGE i

CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF FIGURES       viii

CHAPTER ONE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1: PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

1.2: THE AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE CLAP ON-CLAP OFF SWICHT 2

1.3:  JUSTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH 2

1.4: LITERATURE REVIEW 2

CHAPTER TWO 5

THEORY AND PICTORIAL ANALYSIS 5

2.1: THEORITICAL ANALYSIS 5

2.2: BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION               6

2.3:   IMPLEMENTED COMPONENTS 6

2.31: CONDENSER MICROPHONE 6

2.32: RESISTORS           7

2.33: CAPACITORS           8    2.34: TRANSISTORS           8

2.35: 555 IC TIMER           9

2.36: LIGHT EMITTING DIODE           9

2.37: BATTERY         10

2.38: IC 7474         11

CHAPTER 3 12

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 12

3.1: THE CIRCUIT 12

3.2: THE D-FLIP-FLOP CIRCUIT       13

3.21: FUNCTION/TRUTH TABLE 13

3.3: THE 555 IC TIMER CIRCUIT        14

3.4: DESIGN CALCULATIONS 15

3.41: FOR TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER         15

3.42: FOR THE MICROPHONE         15

CHAPTER 4 17

CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING 17

4.1: CONSTRUCTION AND CHALLENGES 17

4.2: TESTING         17

CHAPTER 5 19

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION        19 

5.1: CONCLUSION 19

5.2: RECOMMENDATION 19

REFERENCES CITED 20

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE

FIG1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SINGLE CLAP-ON CLAP-OFF SWITCH 5

FIG2: CIRCUIT SYMBOL AND DIAGRAM OF A CONDENSER MICROPHONE 7

FIG3: THE SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF A RESISTOR 7

FIG4: DIAGRAM OF THE ELECTRONIC SYMBOL OF A RESISTOR 8

FIG5: DIAGRAM OF BC547 TRANCISTOR 9

FIG6: DIAGRAM OF 555 IC TIMER 9

FIG7: DIAGRAM OF AN LED 9

FIG8: DIAGRAM AND SYMBOLLIC REPRESENTATON OF A BATTERY 10

FIG9: DIAGRAM OF A COMPLETE CLAP-ON CLAP-OFF SWITCH CIRCUIT 12

FIG10a: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF A D TYPE FLIP-FLOP 13

FIG10b: DIAGRAM OF SYMBOLIC NAND GATE ARRANGEMENT IN D TYPE FLIP-FLOP 13 FIG11a:  555 IC TIMER INTERNAL CIRCUIT 14 FIG11b: 555 IC TIMER PIN-OUT DIAGRAM 14

FIG12a: PICTURE OF WORKING SWITCH ON BREAD BOARD AFTER FIRST CLAP 18

FIG12b: PICTURE OF WORKING CIRCUIT ON VERO-BOARD AT OFF-STATE 18

TABLE

TABLE1: D FLIP-FLOP FUNCTION/TRUTH TABLE 1

     Abstract 

This project is all about a switch that turns on and off by the simple action of clapping. When a first clap is sensed by the sound sensor, the switch turns on and on sensing another clap, it turns off.

It is made to aid the handicapped and those who find it difficult to reach for the switch and it can be used to control all appliances that use switches.