CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN THE NIGERIAN BREWERY INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT
Corporate entrepreneurship is generally believed to refer to the development of new ideas and opportunities within large or established businesses, directly leading to the improvement of the organizational performance and enhancement of competitive position or strategic renewal of an existing business. It is ever more considered as a valuable instrument for rejuvenating and revitalizing organizations – especially in the Nigerian brewery industry.
The research study focuses on investigating the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance. The major instrument used for this study is questionnaire to collect the required information from the respondents. The obtained data were analyzed using the chi-square method. The findings reveals that there is a significant relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance. The findings also show that organization that practices corporate entrepreneurship focus more on the development of new product. Based on the findings of the study,  we recommend that organizations operating in the brewery industry should thrive to create a working environment that is not resistant to change, companies should also give opportunity and freedom for creative thinking within the organization as this also results in innovation, companies should also focus on improving their technological competencies as this also facilitates the achievement of higher organizational performance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
    CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1      Background of the study    -    -    -    -    -    -        
1.2      Research Problem    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
1.3      Objectives of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
1.4      Research Questions        -    -    -    -    -    -    
1.5      Research Hypothesis    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
1.6      Significance of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    -    
1.7Scope of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
1.8    Limitations of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
1.9    Definition of Terms    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1   Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.2    The Concept Entrepreneurship/Definition    -    -    -    -    
2.3     Corporate Entrepreneurship Definition    -    -    -    -    
2.4    Corporate Entrepreneurship    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.5    The Models of Corporate Entrepreneurship     -    -    -    -    
2.5.1  The Opportunist Model    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.5.2  The Enabler Model    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.5.3The Advocate Model    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.5.4  The Producer Model     -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.5.5  Selecting the Right Model     -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.5.6  Putting the Models to Work    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.6    Dimensions of Corporate Entrepreneurship    -    -    -    -    
2.6.1  Innovation    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.6.2  Risk –taking    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.6.3  Proactiveness    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.6.4  Entrepreneurial Culture     -   -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.7    The Importance of Corporate Entrepreneurship    -    -    -    
2.8    Corporate Entrepreneurship Barriers and Triggers    -    -    -    
2.9    Organizational Performance    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.9.1 The Balanced Scorecard for Assessing Organizational Performance    -    
2.9.2 Measuring Performance Using the Triple Bottom Line for Assessing
Organizational Performance    -    -    -    -    -    -    
2.10  Summary of Literature Review    -    -    -    -    -    -    
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1     Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
3.2     Research Design    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
3.3     Population and Sampling    -    -    -    -    -    -    
3.4     Research Instrument    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
3.5     Validity and Reliability of the Instrument    -    -    -    -    
3.6     Method of Data Collection    -    -    -    -    -    -    
3.7     Method of Data Analysis    -    -    -    -    -    -    
 CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.0     Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
4.1    Test of Hypothesis    -    -    -    -    -    -    -               
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1     Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
5.2     Summary of Findings    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
5.3     Conclusion    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
5.4     Recommendations    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
5.5     Suggestion for Further Studies    -    -    -    -    -    -    
Reference    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
Appendix    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
 Considerable ancedotal evidence suggests that an entrepreneurial management style is common to successful companies. According to Drucker (1985) and Stevenson and Gumbert (1985) cited in Mohammed and Abdelaziz (2007), large firms like IBM,Sony,Hewlett-Packard have been able to sustain high level of performance by behaving entrepreneurially. Also, in order for organizations to achieve sustained innovation and long-term excellence in the product-market field, organizations maintain a culture that supports and encourages performance improvement. This sort of culture can be described as a culture that promotes corporate entrepreneurship(CE), a culture which encourages its employees to be creative and innovative that will enable them to realize and take advantage of opportunities whenever they arise.
    Nevertheless, the relationship of corporate entrepreneurship and its influence on company's growth in country like Nigeria is an area to be considered.
    To face competition (Vuuren,Groenwald and Gantsho, 2009) asserted that, organizations must review practices and actively search for new ways to practice flexibility, increase its capacity of innovation and show more competitiveness. To achieve these objectives, a transformation is required toward strengthening entrepreneurship within organizations.
    Thus, the far reaching impact of globalisation, in terms of market,consumers,competitors and technologies on business has made corporate entrepreneurship a more relevant phenomenon to organizational performance (Adler,1997; Kemelgor, 2002).
    Corporate Entrepreneurship(CE) is known universally as Intrapreneurship (Chang 1998). According to Pinchot (1985), the term refers to the development of internal markets and relatively small and independent units designed to create internal ventures and expand innovative staff services, technologies and methods within a large organization thereby influencing organizational performance. Organizations want organic growth but few of them have the process in place to support and sustain growth overtime. Organizations need to build a framework to support innovation and new business growth.
    Therefore, organizations may benefit from adopting an entrepreneurial orientation in their quest for sustained competitive advantage, such organization innovate often while taking risks in their product market strategies.
1.2   Research Problem
Corporate entrepreneurship has long been identified as a potential viable means for promoting and sustaining corporate competitiveness(Covin and Miles, 1999). As the brewery industry in Nigeria is facing rapid changes in every aspect of its operations such as environmental, technological and economic changes, these organizations need a strategy for competitive advantage and sustainability.
           Entrepreneurial behaviour by management and employees could lead to competitive advantage and sustainability (Zahra and Miles 1995; Landstrom, Crijins, Lavera and Smallbone 2008)
           Research has shown that over the years, there exist some forms of resistance to change either from the side of top management or subordinates reducing the level of corporate entrepreneurship in the industry.
           However, the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance using the brewery industry as a case study is unclear and how this entrepreneurial culture affects or impacts either positively or negatively on the employees performance as well as the organizational performance in general. The need to link Corporate Entrepreneurship with performance has become very important for organizations striving to achieve high rate of organizational performance.     However, there have been little documented evidences that existed for specific relationship between these two variables. Thus, the relationship remains blurred.
1.3    Objectives of the Study
             The objectives of a research investigation refers to what the study seeks to achieve. They are the purpose of the study in terms of the knowledge gap it intends to fill.
The main objective of this study is to determine if the organizations are carrying out corporate entrepreneurship activities.
1.    To find out which of the corporate entrepreneurship activities companies in the industry pay attention to
2.    To determine the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance
3.    To determine the impact of corporate entrepreneurship activities on organizational performance.
1.4      Research Questions
This study is designed to answer the following questions;
1.    Do organization carry out corporate entrepreneurship activities?
2.    What are those corporate entrepreneurship activities the industry pay attention to?
3.    Is there any significant relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance?
4.    What are the effect of corporate entrepreneurship activities on organizational performance?
1.5      Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a tentative answer to a research question. It is a tentative,conjectural statement of the relationship between two or more variables (Kerlinger,1976).
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the level of corporate entrepreneurship and organization performance
Ha: There is a significant relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and organizational performance  
1.6       Significance of the Study
 The study will create awareness of the term corporate entrepreneurship and how important it is to the growth of organizations. It will also expose to students that are entrepreneurially oriented, the need for strategic thinking, innovation, risk-taking in the field of entrepreneurship as well as adopting corporate entrepreneurship in their potential business.
Generally, the study tends to contribute academically, economically and socially to the nation.
The study will also add value to the Nigerian brewery Industry operation and it's future growth by outlining the basic key requirements for organization to adopt corporate entrepreneurship and improve on their performance rate in general.
1.7Scope of the Study
The study focuses on corporate entrepreneurship and its relationship on the performance of Organization, of which the brewery industry in Nigeria would be undertaken as a case study.
The population to be used in this study is the BREWERY INDUSTRY in Nigeria. In order to save time and money, samples were selected from this industry.
Guiness Nig.Plc
Sona Brewery Nig. Ltd.
Nigeria Brewery Plc
Champion Brewery Plc
1.8       Limitations of the Study
Challenges faced during the course of the study research are:
Smallness of the sample size due to the time constraint
Insufficient funds
Time constraint
The dominance of junior staff amongst questionnaire respondents. Junior staff would not know much about the company’s corporate entrepreneurship. Rather it’s the senior staff, managers and top management that would know
Another limitation encountered is the inability to obtain first hand information from some top managers of the industry due to their busy schedules.
1.9       Definition of Terms
The definition of the following terms will reveal more light on the research work. These are terms that will be used often in the course of the study.
Corporate Entrepreneurship: Corporate entrepreneurship is a process used to develop new businesses, products, services or processes inside of an existing organization to create value and generate new revenue growth through entrepreneurial thought and actions. Entrepreneurship inside of established organizations is called Corporate Entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurial Orientation: Lumpkin and Dess (1996) define Entrepreneurial orientation as the process, practices and decision-making activities that leads to new entry, innovation, risk-taking, proactiveness and entrepreneurial behaviour.
Intrapreneurship: Is a concept used to explain entrepreneurial activities in existing organizations (Agca, Topal, and Kaya 2009). They emphasize that through intapreneurship, companies also maintain and increase their sustainable competitive capabilities, which are fostered by different are of organizational performance.
Organizational Performance: Comprises the actual output or results of an organization as measured against intended outputs(goals and objectives).
            According to Richard et al.(2009) organizational performance encompasses three specific area of firms outcomes:
Financial performance (profits,return on assets,return on investment,etc);
Product market performance (sales, marketshare,etc); and
Shareholder return (total shareholder return,economic value added,etc).