CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1     Cardiovascular disease

1.1.1Aortic aneurysm / Abdominal aortic aneurysm

1.1.2    Acute coronary syndrome

1.1.3  Angina pectoris

1.1.4  Atherosclerosis

1.1.5  Coronary heart disease (CHD)/ Coronary artery disease

1.1.6  Heart attack / Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

1.1.7  Heart failure / Congestive heart failure

1.1.8  Ischemic heart disease (IHD)

1.1.9  Ischemic stroke

1.1.10   Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

1.1.11   Stroke

1.1.12   Sudden cardiac death

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   Tobacco smoking and cardiovascular diseases

2.1     Cigarette Smoking and Inflammation

2.2     Smoking in relation to Coronary Heart Disease

2.3     Smoking in relation to Sudden Cardiac Death

2.4     Smoking in relation to Cerebrovascular Disease / Stroke

2.5     Smoking in relation to Aortic Aneurysm

2.6     Smoking in relation to Peripheral Arterial Disease

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Prevention of cardiovascular diseases

3.1          Diets

3.1.1      Altering dietary fat intake

3.1.2      Reducing dietary salt

3.1.3      Fruit and Vegetable Intake

3.1.4      Effect of specific minor dietary components

3.1.5      Weight reduction and cardiovascular risk

3.1.6      Managing metabolic syndrome

3.2         Physical activity

3.2.1      Physical activity and cardiovascular risk

3.3        Smoking cessation

3.4        Body weight

3.5        Alcohol

3.6        Blood pressure lowering

3.7        Lipid lowering

3.8        Control of glycaemia

3.9     Aspirin therapy

3.10       Hormone therapy

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1       Conclusion

4.2     Recommendation

References