ACCOUNTING AND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The industrialization of every nation emanates from the ability of private individuals and government in business to make optimum allocation of available resources in order to achieve future objectives. Business in the third world countries is characterized by ineffective and ineffectual utilization of available resources which has limited the scope of business to small scale.
This calls for the application of some theories in the field of management accounting to enhance the productivity of existing small scale businesses in the third world countries.
Small scale enterprises encounter problems which often times result into pre – mature death of such industries or/production below capacity. Some of these problems lie largely outside the control of the entrepreneur. These are the problems to be solved, by the government in the interest of industrial development of Nation while other problems arise from the enterprenuer’s limitation in his decision making process.
This study, has been limited to Nigeriaby the project writer after a thorough research.
An analysis of factors that contributed to this development would be highlighted and useful recommendation towards resolving these problems would be made. The researcher is optimistic in view of the fact that if these recommendation are adhered to, they will go a long way in achieving the objectives of this research work.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1       Background of the study
1.2       Statement of problem
1.3       Purpose of the study
1.4       Importance of the study
1.5       Scope or delimitation of the study
1.6       Working hypothesis
1.7       Definition of term
CHAPTER TWO
2.1       Review of related literature
2.2       Local literature
2.3       Foreign related literature
2.4       Relationship to the study
 CHAPTER THREE
3.1       Research methodology
3.2       Sampling procedures
3.3       Source of data
3.4       Statistical treatment and analysis of data
 CHAPTER FOUR
5.1       Discussion on the results of findings
5.2       Conclusions and recommendation
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0       INTRODUCTION
1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Histories of various developed countries have shown that industrial revolution had been the main cause for their economic survival. Their great financial strength have come principally through the acquisition of industrial and technological power. Small – scale industries undisputedly constitute the bedrock for any meaningful industrial development and for the acquisition of this industrial and technological power.
 Without exception, all big industrial organization be they multi – national or indigenous, started in a small way. Small scale industrial set – ups abound, but most of them are buying and selling outfits. Considering the economic situation in the country, the entrepreneurs in the state, now more than ever need to branch out into some other areas outside buying and selling. One would appreciate the fact that one can make quicker and more money by buying and selling. But this is only for a short term investment in the production of goods (manufacturing), though it has a longer payback period ensures a longer lasting profit. This could not only be a safer investment for the entrepreneur in the long run, but it is also a sure way of providing employment for our teeming high school and university graduates.
 The Nigerian economy in the last two decades has passed through various stages. From the oil boom era of the seventies to the period of wasteful spending and painlessness of the early eighties and the present economic down turn.
 One must appreciate the fact that the survival of the sole proprietor in the Nigerian economy today would depend of his initiative, drive and quick adaptation to the environment. The age of “buy, buy, buy” and “sell, sell, sell” is permanently over in this country. The sole proprietor must appreciate this fact and more to study the economy and develop interest in some manufacturing no matter how small the scale, so as to be sure of the survival in today or future Nigeria.
 Most traders especially if Nigeria origins who are seeing the writing on the wall of destiny are gradually investing in industries and where necessary, are working with foreign or indigenous experts to make the enterprise successful. There are in this state numerous Engineers, Accountants, Economists and other people in other fields who possess the intellectual ability to set up an industry but hardly find the necessary fund to do so.
 Nigeria on which the research work is based, is one of the local government area of Nigeria. It is stated on the Eastern side of the state and lies on the boarder axis between Abia and Nigeria. Ezinihitte local government is made up of various Autonomous communities with a total population of about six hundred thousand people. A greater percentage of the people are engaged in Agriculture while others are engaged in trading as well as traditional and industrial activities such as pot moulding, basket and mat weaving, hair dressing. Others are block moulding, Bakery, poultry, soap making, food processing e.t.c. Most of those activities are small scale establishments and sole proprietorship and partnership oriented.
 A good number of people have shown their concern over the development of Nigeria and Nigeriain general. People like Engr. Roy Umenyi who had carried a study of this nature, discovered a lot of bottle – necks in the development of the local government in question. Such studies also revealed that answers to poor development of the area could be found largely on the insufficient investment in industrial activities. This has struck the mind of the project writer to carry out a research into the problems militating against the establishment and development of small scale industries in Nigeria.
 1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Industrialization has been identified as a basic tool for rural development. Nigeria which is primarily a rural area is faced with multifarious problems in its efforts towards industrialization of the locality.
 Thus, this study title “Accounting and management problems of small scale industries in Nigeria(a case study of small scale industries in Nigeria, attempts to determine why:
-                     There are only few small scale industries in Nigeria.
-                     The few industries existing are not prospering
-                     There is a high rate of infant mortality of small scale industries in the area.
-                     What scares the investors from making investment in small scale industries in the area under review.
 1.3    PURPOSE OF STUDY
The main purpose of this study are:-
i)             To find out why there are only few small scale industries in Nigeria.
ii)            To determine the major problems confronting small scale industrialists in Nigeria in particular.
iii)          To determine why the few industries existing are not making progress and also why there is a high rate of infant mortality of such industries in the local government in question.
iv)          To determine the extent to which poor financial records has hindered the multiplication and prosperity of small scale industries in the area.
v)           To determine the role of small scale industries and their possible contribution towards economic development of Nigeria in particular.
vi)          To make possible recommendations aimed at ameliorating or eliminating the problems militating against the establishment and development of small scale industries in Nigeria.
vii)        To find out what roles the government and the financial institution should play towards alleviating the sufferings of small scale industrialists in Nigeria.
4.1    IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
It is felt that this study would be of immense benefits to a number of individuals and firms in the following ways:
i.             This study is going to provide its numerous readers a clear insight into the problems militating against the establishment and development of small scale industries in Nigeria especially in the rural areas.
ii.            It would equally provide a basis for further studies into other aspects of problems of industrialization in the country.
iii.           The study would also benefit the business men and the industrialists in particular since it would sereal to them the possible causes of poor industrial development and the reasons for infant mortality of small scale industries in the local government in question.
iv.          It is also felt that business consultants would benefits from this study since it would give them a clear insight into the problems of small scale establishment and the possible solutions to such problems.
v.           Students of business studies in general would find this study very interesting since it cut across all aspects of business establishment
vi.          Finally it is also viewed that this study would be of significance to the planning authorities since it would provide them with the necessary information needed in articulation of economic activities.
1.6    WORKING HYPOTHESIS
having reviewed the theories and opinions of different authors and business giants, the project writer wishes to formulate the following working hypothesis:
i.             Poor financial records in the major cause of infant morality of small scale industries in Nigeria.
ii.            Lack of Trust (Co-operations among small scale industrialists is the chief cause of fewer number of small scale industries in Nigeria.
 1.7    DEFINITION OF TERMS
At this juncture, the project writer deems if necessary to define and explain some of the cause of this study.
 ACCOUNTING: “Accounting may be defined as a process by which data relating to the economic activities of an organization are recorded, measured and communicated to interested parties for analysis and interpretation”.
 From the definition we discover that accounting is made up of three major branches.
-                     Financial Accounting
-                     Cost Accounting and
-                     Management accounting
 Financial Accounting: Can be said to be the process of classifying and recording of actual transaction of an entity in monetary terms in accordance with established concept, principles, accounting standard and legal requirement and presents as accurate a view as possible of the effect of those transaction over the period and at the year end.
 Management Accounting:- In the terminology of management and financial accounting published by LCMA, management Accounting is said to be “the application of professional knowledge and skill in the preparation and presentation of accounting information in such a way as to assist management in the formulation of policies and in the planning and control of the operations of the undertaker”. (ICMA).
 Cost Accounting: Is said to be “that part of management accounting which establishes budgets and standard costs and actual cost of operation, processes, department or product and the analysis of variances, profitability or social use of funds. (ICMA).
 Book Keeping: This can be said to be the art of recording business transaction in such a manner that the financial position of the enterprise can be readily ascertained.
 BUSINESS ENTITY CONVENTION:- This may be defined as the convention which tends to distinguish the affairs of the business from the personal affairs of the owners. In effects, the capital injects into the business represents a measure of the business indebtedness to the owners. For this convention to be observed, there must be proper books of account.
 DEPRECIATION: This has four different meanings depending upon the circumstances, but the project writer is concerned with the cost allocation of the fixed assets. He is concerned with the recovery of money invested in the assets in question. Based on this view, the writer defines depreciation as the systematic allocation of the cost of fixed assets to expenses over the accounting periods making up their useful life.
 INDUSTRY:- For the purpose of this study, the word industry shall be used in a limited sense, that is we shall be referring to a plant under a single management and not a collection of undertakings producing identical or related products or services with different ownership and management.
 Meanwhile the research defines industry as an economic organization that employs both economic, technical and human resources to produce goods and services.
 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY:- The definition of small scale enterprises varies form time to time and according to institutions. For instance, the Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN) Monetary policy circular No. 22 of 1988 defined small – scale enterprises (excluding general commerce) as enterprises in which total investment (including land and working capital) did not exceed N500,000 and or the annual turnover did not exceed N5 million. Following the persistent depreciation in the exchange rate of the naira, the maximum size of capital investment has been raised to N5 million and the turnover to N25 million since 1990. In the 1993 Budget, the Federal Government of Nigeria defined small – scale enterprises, for purposes of commercial Bank loans, as those enterprises with annual turnover not exceeding N500,000 and for merchant bank loans those enterprises with capital investment not exceeding N2 million (excluding cost of land) or a maximum of N5 million. The national Economic reconstruction fund (NERFUND) puts the ceiling for small – scale industries at N10 million. Section 376(2) of the companies and Allied Matters Decree of 1990 defines a “small company” as one with:
a)           Annual turnover not more than the N2 million;
b)           Net assets value not more than N1 million.
In this project work, the writer wishes as those enterprises whose total cost, excluding cost of land but, including working capital, are above N1 million but not exceeding N10 million, which are owned, managed and controlled by one or few persons, and family influenced in decision making, have relatively small share of the market and employ not more than fifty people.
 However, for the purpose of this research, it is pertinent to classify industries under the following headings;
  a.      MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES:- These are those industries engaged in manufacturing activities through the input of raw materials, technical as well as human resources to produce finished product(s) which are often referred to as their industries, bread industries, block molding industries etc.
 b.      SERVICE INDUSTRIES:- These are industries that engage in rendering services of various types to people such services industries include: tailoring industries, motor and motorcycle repairing, Hair dressing saloons, petrol filling station, Hotels etc.
 c.      AGRO- BASED /PROCESSING INDUSTRIES:- This covers such industries like rice milling industry, cassava processing, palm oil processing industries and poultry industry. This category of industries engage themselves either in the production or processing of Agricultural products.