ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted during

the 2011/2011 cropping season at Plant Science and Biotechnology Laboratory,

Department of Biological Sciences, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, to study

the callus induction of garlic (Allium

sativum L.) at various combinations and concentrations of growth regulators

and also to develop an efficient protocol for callus induction of garlic via

economically viable explants of indigenous garlic accessions. Garlic cloves used

as explants, were collected from bulb germinated in a Murashige and Skooge (MS)

basal medium. Different combinations and concentrations of growth regulators

like 2, 4-D and coconut water were used in MS medium to observe the callus induction,

proliferation and organ formation. The highest callusing was recorded at the

best concentration of 2, 4-D (1.0 mg L-1) in MS medium (83.33%). The

implication of this result to further work on selection and improvement of this

crop is discussed.

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………………..i

Declaration……...…………………………………………………………………………………ii

Certification……………………………………………………………………………………....iii

Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………...iv

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………...v

Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………..……..vi

List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………..ix

List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………….....x

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………..…...xi

CHAPTER

ONE

1.1       Introduction………………………………………………………………………………1

1.2       Justification

of the problem……………………………………………………………….2

1.3       Aim

of study…..………………………………………………………………………….2

1.4       Objectives

of study..……………………………………………………………………...3

1.5       Statement

of the hypothesis……………………………………………………………….3

CHAPTER

TWO

2.1       Literature

Review………………..………………………………………………………..4

2.2       Varieties

of garlic………………………………………………………………………….6

2.3       Cultivation

of garlic……………………………………………………………………….6

2.4       Uses

of Garlic……………………………………………………………………………..8

2.5       Adverse

effects and toxicology…………………………………………………………..16

2.6       Properties

of garlic……………………………………………………………………….18

2.7       Callus

induction and tissue culture………………………………………………………20

2.8       Callus

morphology……………………………………………………………………….21

2.9       Uses

of callus…………………………………………………………………………….22

2.10     History

of callus………………………………………………………………………….23

CHAPTER

THREE

3.1       Materials…………………………………………………………………………………24

3.2       Method…………………………………………………………………………………..24

3.3       Media

preparation………………………………………………………………………..24

3.4       Surface

sterilization and culturing……………………………………………………….28

3.5       Incubation………………………………………………………………………………..29

CHAPTER

FOUR

4.1       Result…………………………………………………………………………………….30

CHAPTER

FIVE

5.1       Discussion………………………………………………………………………………..37

5.2       Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….38

5.3       Recommendation………………………………………………………………………...38

References……………………………………………………………………………………….40

Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………...48

LIST

OF TABLES

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">1.      Garlic

World Production Trend (June, 2008)……………………………………………..7

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">2.      Murashige

and Skooge Media Composition……………………………………………..25

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">3.      The

effect of 2, 4-D on callus induction for local garlic (Allium sativum L.)…………...31

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">4.      The

effect of 2, 4-D + CW on callus induction for local garlic (Allium sativum L.)…….33

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">5.      The

rate of treatments of 2, 4-D concentrations on culture vessels for callus

induction...34

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">6.      The

rate of number of callus induction vessels on the replications……………………...34

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">7.      The

rate of callusing on replications……………………………………………………..35

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">8.      Effect

of days of callusing on replications……………………………………………….35

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">9.      Effect

of degree of callusing on replications…………………………………………….36

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">10.  The

Least Significant Differences (LSDs) of the treatments…………………………….36

LIST

OF FIGURES

1.     

A Callus of Nicotiana

tabacum…………………………………………………………..21

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">2.     
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Callus induced from the in vitro meristem of garlic using

MS+2,4-D (1.0mgL-1)………30

mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">3.     
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Callus induced from the in vitro meristem of garlic using

MS+2,4-D+CW (1.0mgL-1)...32