This study was set to examine factors affecting adherence to ARVs among HIV/AIDS patients attending Kawolo Hospital HIV Clinic Buikwe District. Adherence is an indication of the degree to which patients follow advice regarding the long term treatment (Hsu, 2005).Adherence involves a mutual decision making process between the patient and the health care provider. In adherence, therefore, the patient plays an active role in the decision and commitment to follow the prescribed regimen (Population Council et al 2004). This chapter therefore, presents the research background, statement of the problem, study purpose, objectives of the study, stated hypothesis, study scope and justification of this study as well as definition of key concepts.