ABSTRACT Topic Prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV. Research Objectives: To determine the proportion of urinary tract infections among pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV. To determine factors contributing to the prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV. Study design: A cross sectional study where all pregnant mothers randomly selected were tested for urinary tract infection by dipstick urinalysis and a brief history of whether they themselves were presenting with a complaint using a questionnaire. RESULTS: 30% of pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV were diagnosed clinically with urinary tract infections although only 21.3% of them met the evidence-based study criteria. This prevalence is high compared to the reports from elsewhere in the world. Conclusions: The prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV is 30% is slightly high in proportion to those that reported of previous urinary tract infection (29.3%), and generally high as compared to other researches carried else where in the world. Recommendations: Sensitization and communication campaigns to help educate masses further more about urinary tract infections and their risks to pregnancy at most plus informing the public to avoid misusing of drugs which leads to resistant strains.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... i

AKNOWLEDGEMENT. ......................................................................................................... ii

DECLARATION..................................................................................................................... iii

SUPERVISOR APPROVAL...................................................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................................1

1.1 introduction......................................................................................................................1

1.1.1 Etiology..........................................................................................................................1

1.1.2 Classification .................................................................................................................1

1.1.3 Pathophysiology ............................................................................................................1

1.1.4 History...........................................................................................................................2

1.1.5 Epidemiology.................................................................................................................2

1.2 Problem Statement ..........................................................................................................3

1.3.1 General Objective .........................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Specific Objectives........................................................................................................3

1.4 conceptual frame work........................................................................................................4

. . .................................................................................................................................................4

CHA PT ER TWO ( L IT ER AT UR E RE VI EW) .........................................................4

2.1 Introduction: .......................................................................................................................5

2.2 About the proportion of urinary tract infections among pregnant mothers attending

ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV..........................................................................5

2.2.1 Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms in Pregnancy .......................................................5

2.2.2 Asymptomatic infection (asymptomatic bacteriuria) ..................................................6

2.2.3 Urinary Tract Infection during pregnancy Tests and Diagnosis. ...............................6

2.2.4 Urinary tract infection in Pregnancy Differential Diagnosis.......................................6

2.3 Factors contributing to the prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant

mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV. ..........................................6

2.3.1 Urinary Tract infection Prevention during Pregnancy ...............................................7

CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................8

vi

3.0: METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................8

3.1: Study design .......................................................................................................................8

3.2: Study Area ......................................................................................................................8

3.3:Study Population .............................................................................................................8

3.4:Sample size determination...............................................................................................8

3.5:Sampling Methods...........................................................................................................9

3.6: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria ...................................................................................9

3.7: Data Collection Methods................................................................................................9

3.8: Data Analysis..................................................................................................................9

3.9: Data Presentation Methods............................................................................................9

3.10:Ethical Considerations ................................................................................................10

3.11: Study limitations ............................................................................................................10

CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................11

4.0 RESULTS.............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................11

CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................16

5.2 Factors contributing to the prevalence of urinary tract infections among pregnant

mothers attending ante natal visits in Rugazi health center IV.............................................17

6: CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................17

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................................................................18

APPENDIXES.............................................................................................................................19

APPENDIX 1...........................................................................................................................19

REFERENCES: ......................................................................................................................19

Appendix 2 ...........................................................................................................................22

CONSENT FORM...............................................................................................................22

Appendix 3...............................................................................................................................23

QUESTIONNAIRE.................................................................................................................23

Appendix 4 AMAP OF RUBIRIZI SHOWING RUGAZI HEALTH IV.........................27

AMAP OF BUSHENYI DISTRICT.......................................................................................28