TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................... .i

APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................ ii

. . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... iii

DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................... .iv

CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................... ................................ 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .................................................................................. 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................ 3

1.3 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................... 4

1.4 GENERAL OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................. 4

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 5

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................... 6

1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 6

1.9 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TW0 .................................................................................................................... 10

2.1 DEFINITION OF WASTE .............................................................................................. 1 0

2.2 FORMS OF WASTE ....................................................................................................... 10

2.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 1 0

2.4 THE REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE WASTE HIERARCHY ....................................... 11

2.4.1 The First 'R'-Reduce ................................................................................................ l2

2.4.2 The Second 'R'-Reuse .............................................................................................. 12

2.4.3 The Third 'R' -Recycling .......................................................................................... 13

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2.5 COLLECTION ................................................................................................................. 14

2.6 HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION ...................................................................... 15

2.7 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL .................................................................................... l6

2.7.1 Open dumps .......................................................................... : ........................................ l6

2.7.2 Landfills ........................................................................................................................ 16

2.7.3 Sanitary landfills ........................................................................................................... 17

2. 7.4 Incineration plants ......................................................................................................... 17

2.8 EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY- EPR ................................................... l8

2.9 POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE ..................................................................................... 18

2.9.1 Waste tariffs/fees for waste collection/treatment/disposal.. .......................................... l9

2.6.2 Environmental taxes ...................................................................................................... 19

3. OLEGAL FRAMEWORI