TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL ................................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iv

LIST OF LA ws AND ACTS············ ···················································· ························ ······ V

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... I

GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... I

1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of Study ................................................................................................................ I

1.2 State1nent of the problem .......................................................................................................... 2

1.3 General Objective ..................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.1 Specific Research objectives .................................................................................................. 3

1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................................... 4

1.4.1 Geographical scope ................................................................................................................ 4

1.6.1 Content scope ......................................................................................................................... 4

1.7 Signifi cance of the study ........................................................................................................... 4

1.8 Li1nitations of the study ............................................................................................................ 4

1.9 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 5

1.10 Literature review ..................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 14

THE POLLUTER PAY PRINCIPLE ....................................................................................... 14

2. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 14

2.2 Rationale of the PPP ............................................................................................................... 15

2.3 Polluter pays principle is a push-button for environmental protection ................................... 20

2.4 Agriculture and the Polluter Pays Principle ............................................................................ 22

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 24

THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE IN UGANDA LAW ........................................ 24

3 .1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 24

vi

3.2 Precautionary Principle ........................................................................................................... 24

3.3 The concept of sustainable development ................................................................................ 26

3 .4 Pollution control. ..................................................................................................................... 28

3 .5 Application of the principle Brief history ............................................................................... 29

3.5.1 Application of the Polluter-Pays Principle .......................................................................... 34

35.2 Exceptions ............................................................................................................................. 37

3 .6 Effectiveness of the 'polluter pays' principle ......................................................................... 37

3.7 Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities ...................................................... 38

3.8 Declaration which states ......................................................................................................... 38

3.9 Participatory Principle ............................................................................................................ 39

3. IO The International Treats on polluter pay ............................................................................... 40

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 43

POLLUTER PAY AND THE CHALLENGES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 43

4.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 43

4.1 Sources and Approaches ......................................................................................................... 44

4.2 General Principles ................................................................................................................... 47

4.3 Rio Principle IO ...................................................................................................................... 48

4.4 Principles 15 and 16 ................................................................................................................ 50

4.5 Principle 17 ............................................................................................................................. 5 1

4.6 Inter & Intra-generational Equity ............................................................................................ 54

4. 7 Doctrine of Pub! ic Trust. ......................................................................................................... 56

4.8 Environmental Treaties and Players ....................................................................................... 57

4.9 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................... 59

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................ 63

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................ 63

5.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 63

5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 63

5.2 Recon1mendation .................................................................................................................... 65

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 67