ABSTRACT 

Production of carbon black from novel sources like spent automobile tyre, anthracite coal, furnace soot and graphite rod and subsequent use in the production of offset printing inks has been investigated. Carbon black from these sources were obtained by pyrolysis of shredded spent tyre and coal samples at 750-900o C in an electrical furnace, isolation of furnace carbon black and graphite rod from dry cell, drying and pulverization of the resulting samples. Acid demineralization of the samples for 24hr followed with distilled water rinsing and oven drying at 110o C for 12 hr were also carried out before sieving. The production of offset printing ink from the synthesized carbon black samples each of particles

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page - - - - - - - - - - i

Approval page- - - - - - - - - - ii

Certification - - - - - - - - - - iii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v

Table of contents - - - - - - - - - vi

List of tables - - - - - - - - - - ix

List of figures - - - - - - - - - - x

List of abbreviations, symbols and notations - - - - - - xi

Abstract - - - - - - - -- - - xii

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

Historical overview - - - - - - - - - 1

Writing ink and preservation - - - - - - - - 5

Ink composition - - - - - - - - - 7

Printing ink - - - - - - - - - - 17

Printing ink and processes - - - - - - - - 18

Manufacturing process description - - - - - - - 23

Statement of problems - - - - - - - - 28

Aim/objectives of the study - - - - - - - - 28

Scope/limitation of the study - - - - - - - - 28

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Background - - - - - - - - - - 29

Carbon black - - - - - - - - - - 30

Conversion of waste tyre into carbon black - - - - - - 34

Reprocessing of used tyres into activated carbon and other products - - 35

The Improvement of carbon black from waste tyres for offset printing ink

using coupling agent - - - - - - - - - 38

Ink chemistry and processes - - - - - - - - 38

The science of colours - - - - - - - - 39

Pigments - - - - - - - - - - 42

Pigments and dyes - - - - - - - - - 53

Linseed oil - - - - - - - - - - 54

Drying oils for printing inks - - - - - - - - 57

Chemistry of drying oils - - - - - - - - 58

Drying process of printing ink - - - - - - - 60

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials/Apparati - - - - - - - - - 66

Reagents and chemicals - - - - - - - - 67

Methods - - - - - - - - - - 67

Ink manufacture - - - - - - - - - 70

Ink printing tests - - - - - - - - - 71

Images of instruments used and processes - - - - - - 72

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Carbon black samples images as obtained - - - - - 75

Properties of carbon black produced - - - - - - - 77

Viscosity results - - - - - - - - - 80

Press ink test results - - - - - - - - - 81

Effect of temperature on printing performance - - - - - 81

viii

Effect of temperature on viscosity - - - - - - - 82

Temperature effects on ink flow - - - - - - - 83

Mathematical model - - - - - - - - - 84

Viscosity-temperature model - - - - - - - - 84

Conclusion/summary - - - - - - - - - 85

Glossary - - - - - - - - - - 87

References - - - - - - - - - - 89

Appendix