ABSTRACT

This study presents the modelling and optimization of a Hybrid Energy System (HES) for GSM Base Transceiver Station (BTS) sites in emerging cities. The aim is to ensure reliable and cost-effective power supply, considering the availability, dynamism and viability of energy sources. Theoretical approach is applied in the modelling, simulation and validation of the developed HES, which consists of the utility grid, wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) as primary energy sources incorporating a super-capacitor/battery storage and power conversion unit. The complexity in optimizing continuous variables of the HES informed the use of a hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Pattern Search (h-GAPS) technique. The optimization problem is treated as a single objective function by considering all objectives in terms of cost while constraining the HES to satisfy the load demand safely according to the reliability criteria defined by the energy management strategy. The h-GAPS based optimization model simulated for the peripheral node GSM BTS sites in Abuja, Benin City, Enugu, Ikeja, Maiduguri and Sokoto utilized long-term (22-years) meteorological data sets collected from the Nigerian Meteorological agency and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The performance index of various developed and existing energy systems is evaluated based on economy or Cost of Energy (COE), power system reliability, energy throughput, and emission reduction targets.