The main purpose of this study was to investigate students’ academic performance in rural and urban primary schools in Kakamega South district, Kenya. A comparison was done between various factors to establish reasons for the prevalent trend. Relevant literature was reviewed based on the study objectives. The study was based on descriptive survey method. A total of 12 head teachers and 120 students from 12 schools were interviewed. Questionnaires with both close and open ended questions were used. There was also use of interview guide for the focus group discussion. An observation schedule was also used. Data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and speannan’ s rank correlation coefficient. The study revealed that there was significant difference between students performance in rural and urban schools. Several factors contributed to this including educational facilities and resources at their disposal.