THE IMPACT OF EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES IN SOLVING UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA
(A STUDY OF OJI RIVER LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE)
ABSTRACT
This study is on the “Impact of Effective Management of Human Resources in Solving Unemployment Problem in Nigeria (A study of Oji River Local Government Area, Enugu State), with the aim to investigate how effective management of human resource has contributed towards solving the problems of unemployment in Nigeria, identifying the challenges involve in effective management of human resources in Oji River local government area with the identification of possible Solutions.  In doing this, relevant literatures were reviewed. The research developed four research questions which were used in collecting data using structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique was used in distributing questionnaire. Data collected for the study were presented in tables and analyzed in percentage.  Out of population of 300 the research used 171 samples by adopting Taro-Yamani’s formular. Findings of the study indicate the effective management of human resource in Oji River local government area is not quite encouraging. The major challenge facing the effective management of human was inadequate funding by the federal and state government, unskilled managers, and unclear management policies, among other. The study recommended adequate funding by federal and state government, well defined policies, organization of more training and development programs and removal of bureaucratic bottlenecks.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE:    INTRODUCTION
1.1    Background of the Study                             
1.2    Statement of the Problem                       
1.3    Objective of the Study                             
1.4    Research Questions                            
1.5    Research Hypotheses                             
1.6    Significance of the Study                  
1.7    Scope of the Study               
1.8    Limitations of the study                  
1.9    Definition of Terms.                         
References
CHAPTER TWO:    LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1    The concept of Local Government                  
2.2    Theoretical Framework                         
2.3    Empirical Framework                        
2.4        Summary of Review of Related Literature             
References
CHAPTER THREE:      RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1    Research Design and Method                           
3.2    Sources of Data Collection                               
3.3    Population of Study                                  
3.4    Sample and Sampling Techniques                    
3.5    Sampling Techniques                                  
3.6    Instrumentation                         
3.7    Validation of the Instrument                         
3.8    Reliability of the Instrument                              
3.9    Method of Data Collection                           
References
CHAPTER FOUR:    PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA            
4.1  Data Presentation                    
CHAPTER FIVE:    SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION.
5.1    Summary of Findings             
5.2    Conclusion                        
5.3    Recommendations                      
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Unemployment is one of the developmental problems currently facing all developing economies of the world (2016), and Nigeria is not an exception. Unemployment or joblessness occurs when people are without jobs and they have actively sought work within the past five weeks (International Labour Organization, 1982; Fajana, 2010). It is the consequence of the surplus of labour supply over labour demand. The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labour force. The higher the unemployment rate in an economy the higher would be the poverty level and associated welfare challenges (Emeh, 2012). Unemployment has been grouped into two categories: first, the older unemployed who lost their jobs through retrenchment, redundancy, or bankruptcy; and second, the younger unemployed, most of who have never been employed (Oyebade, 2015). Though unemployment occurs to people of all categories but its effect has bitten more sarcastically hard on the youth and this is the primary concentration of this paper.
Unemployment is a global challenge, but worse in developing countries of the world, with attendant social, economic, political, and psychological consequences. It contributes to low GDP and leads to increase in crime and violence, psychological effect, adverse effect on health and political instability (Njoku & Ihugba, 2011). Unemployment in not a recent challenge in Nigeria as the national unemployment rate rose from 4.3 per cent in 1970 to 6.4 per cent in 1980. This fluctuated around 6.0 per cent until 1987 when it rose to 7.0 per cent (Central Bank of Nigeria 2016; Akintoye 2013). Structural Adjustment Program was brought in place by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 1986 to tackle unemployment challenge. This was a bit effective as unemployment rate declined from 7.0 per cent in 1987, to as low as 1.9 per cent in 1995. After this, it rose to 2.8 per cent in 1996, and has been growing worse since, hovering between 2.8 and 13.1 per cent between 1996 and 2000 (Njoku & Ihugba, 2011). Unemployment rate in Nigeria is presently growing at the rate of 16 per cent annually with the youth impacted the most and accounting for three times the general unemployment (Doreo, 2013).
In Sub-Saharan Africa, youth population was estimated at 138 million people in 2002-2013, with 28.9 million (21 per cent) of them unemployed (ILO, 2014). It has also been reported that youth unemployment in Africa has a geographical dimension as it is generally higher in the urban areas than rural areas (Nwanguma, et al., 2012). Namibia has the highest rate of unemployment in Africa, perhaps in the world, with over half (51%) of her citizens unemployed while South Africa has one of the highest rates of unemployment at 25 per cent within the continent (Adesina, 2013). Nigeria and indeed Africa is not the only developing country struggling with increasing unemployment because it is a global social challenge. It has become a major problem for most countries across the world but a little bit more stable in the developed countries rather than the continuously rising trends as experienced in most developing countries. In USA for instance, unemployment had increased from 5 per cent in 2007 to 9 per cent in 2011. That of Spain has risen from 8.6 per cent to 21.52 per cent as a result of the debt crisis in Europe; UK from 5.3 to 8.1 per cent while that of Greece rose from 8.07 to 18.4 per cent during the same period (Vanguard, 2012). However, the average unemployment rate in the developing countries especially Africa is generally high. For example, Botswana, Angola and Kenya have unemployment rates as high as 17.5, 25 and 11.7 per cents respectively and these are not the highest figures in the Continent (Allawadi, 2010). In Nigeria, an unemployment ratio of 23.9 per cent of the total population means that over 38 million Nigerians are unemployed. Also, the analysis by educational status suggests that people who have been majorly affected by unemployment most in Nigeria are those without basic education. For instance; persons with and without primary school educations accounted for 76.8/80.6 per cent of the unemployment in 1974 and 1978 respectively.
In recent times however, the situation has been compounded by the increasing unemployment of professionals such as accountants, engineers, among others. According to a recent survey by Akintoye (2013), graduate unemployment accounted for less than 1 per cent of the unemployed in 1974, but by 1984, the proportion rose to 4 per cent for urban areas and 2.2 percent in the rural areas. A survey by the National Bureau of Statistics (2011) indicates that between 2016 and 2011, there were 1.8 million new entrants into the active labour market per year. Even the following states recorded high composite unemployment rates that is above the national average of 23.9 per cent as of 2013: Bayelsa (38.4%), Katsina (37.3%), Bauchi (37.2%) AkwaIbom (34.1%), Gombe (32.1%) Adamawa (29.4%), Borno (27.7%), Kano (27.6%), Yobe (27.3%), Taraba (26.8%),
As a matter of factor this will put smile on the faces of school leavers who will be assured that they can be gainfully engaged and acquire proficiency in desired skills through their engagement in profitable of any establishment’s he effective management of resources in Oji- River Local Government Area will no doubt eradicate or reduce the social outery about the tills perpetrated by the employed people who as a matter of fact constitute a social menaces to the society. Some of the soil toilers and moilers will however be employed by these establishment Jigawa (26.5%), Imo (20.8%), FCT (21.5%), while Plateau recorded the lowest figure of 7.1% (Salami, 2013).
1.2     Statement of the Problem     
The socio-economics effect of unemployment includes; fall in national output, increase in rural-urban migration, waste of human resources, high rate of dependency ratio, poverty, depression, frustration, all sorts of immortal acts and criminal behavior (Noko, 2016).
The problem of how unemployed can be solved by the effective management of resources is the core of the study. The researcher instead to find out what effect effectively managed resources will have in the reduction of unemployment rate in Oji River Local government. The population on which the study will be based on the researcher intends to look at based on the operations of the establishment within the area and how effective the managers of these business or establishment will contribute in the study area
Unemployment has reached a very alarming proportion in Nigeria, with a greater number of the unemployment being primary and secondary school leavers and university graduates. This situation has recently been compounded by the increasing unemployment of professionals such as bankers, engineers and doctors. The toll is within the productive segment of the Nigeria population (Vision, 2010). The recent economic recession ravaging the country has further deteriorated the unemployment situation in Nigeria. Between May 2015 to May 2016, unemployment rose by 65% especially youth unemployment. The extent of unemployment in Nigeria in is not justified by the available financial statistics phenomenon. This is because of the nature of unemployment in the country where many job seekers do not see the need for registration as unemployed or where many few individuals who are employed or self-employed claims they are not employed. This harnesses the sharp disparity between the official statistics on the phenomenon and the reality on ground.
The need to avert the negative effects of unemployment has made the tackling of unemployment problems to feature very prominently in the development objectives of many developing countries.  Incidentally, most of these countries’ economies are also characterized by low productivity.  Thus, it seems obvious to many policy makers that there must be a straight forward connection between productivity and employment/unemployment. However, the theoretical linkage between productivity and unemployment is yet to be settled in the literature.  While some researchers posit that higher productivity may increase unemployment, some others argue that it could increase employment.  In view of the unfolding reality coupled with the protracted debates this project tends to examine the effective of management of resource in solving unemployment problem in Nigeria.
1.3     1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were drafted from the above objectives of the study;
1.    What are the factors militating against effective management of resources?
2.    What are the important of effective management of resources?
3.    Whether effective management of resources promotes human and material resources development in Oji River local government area.
4.    What are the possible ways of solving the problems facing effective management?
1.4 Hypothesis Four
H0:    There are no possible ways of solving the problems facing effective management.
H4:    There are possible ways of solving the problems facing effective management.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of the study states who should benefit from the research and how the study will go a long way in helping to achieving the strong impression that the effective management of resources will create in Oji River local government area and Nigeria at large. It will also reduce the mismanagement of resource that leads to termination of works in as establishment thereby creates employment in the Oji River local government area.  
This study is beneficially to the society investors, rural dwellers and has expanded our knowledge, it has increased our research skills, beside  the  above  study  also conducted   in  part  of  partial  requirement  for  the  award  of  higher  national  diploma  in the  department  of public  administration,  at  the  institute  of  management  and  technology (IMT)  Enugu.
On  the  part  of the student  will  have  no  doubt  that  the study  would  be  of  immense  important  to  the  students,  who  may  wish  to  conduct   a  future  research  on  the  matter  would  serve  as  a  resources  material.  
1.6     Scope of the Study  
The scope of the study is to find out how unemployment problem can be solved through the proper use of scare resources in establishment.
The study will be limited to Oji River local government Area which will be used the study population for the basis of the study.
1.7    Limitations of the Study
In the course of accomplishing this study, the researcher was faced with the following problems:
-    Difficulties in Collection of Data:   The researcher had limited access to official records and statistical data relevant to this work.
-    Finance:  There was no fund to facilitate on the issue of traveling around for further research.  Besides, there was high cost of transportation.  This resulted to a barrier in research movement.
-    Time:  The researcher found it difficult to combine the research work with academic work such as assignments, exams, etc due to their constraints.
1.8    definition of terms  
It is good to give operational meaning to the word misinterpretation by readers he term associated with this study will be clearly defined and provision will be made for other definitions as they occur while the study is progress.
-    Unemployment:-  According to R,T Byreness and G.N stones (2016) is the amount of the unused labour involving skilled or unskilled people who are willing to work but could not secure employment as a result from the bulk of dependent people in the society
-    Establishment: - The basic structures and facilities necessary for a country or organization of functions efficiently
-    Management:-Management from layman’s view is getting things done through and with people aimed at achieving ones personal goal or in contest with the goals of the organization