EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TV/RADIO CAMPAIGN ON CHILD TRAFFICKING AND ABUSE
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effect of TV/Radio campaign on child trafficking and abuse. The objectives of the study included to: ascertain why people engage in child trafficking and abuse, identify the extent to which the TV and Radio have created awareness on child trafficking and abuse, determine the challenges militating against effective media (TV and Radio) campaign on child trafficking and abuse and examine the effect of aggressive media (TV and Radio) campaigns on child trafficking and abuse in the society. The survey research method was adopted for the study. The sources of data used were the primary and secondary sources of data. The population of the study was 1,100,000 while the sample size of 400 was determined using the taro yamane’s formula. The hypotheses were tested using the chi-square formula. The findings included that people indulge in child trafficking and abuse, TV/Radio create awareness on child trafficking and abuse, there are challenges militating against effective TV/Radio campaign on child trafficking and abuse and there are benefits of effective TV/Radio campaign on child trafficking and abuse. The researchers concluded that TV/Radio have positive effect on child trafficking and abuse and it was recommended that organizations involved in averting child trafficking need to work in collaboration with local TV/Radio to increase reporting and awareness of public on the issue, the media should play a prominent role in reducing child trafficking and abuse via increase awareness to the public, government should equally assist the TV/Radio to surmount the challenges militating against effective TV/Radio campaign on child trafficking and abuse, government and non-governmental organizations should come to the aid of the victims of child trafficking and abuse so that the benefits of the TV/Radio war on child trafficking and abuse would be actualized.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1    Background of the Study                        
1.2     Statement of the Research Problem                
1.3     Objectives of the study                        
1.4    Research Questions                            
1.5    Research Hypotheses                        
1.6     Significance of the Study                        
1.7     Definition of Terms                            
1.8     Assumption of the study                        
1.9     Scope of the study                            
1.10     Limitation of the study                        
References                            
CHPATER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Sources of Literature                    
2.2 Review of Related Literature            
2.2.1 The Concept of Mass Media                    
2.2.2 The Mass Media Effect                        
2.2.3 The Mass Media as an Agent of Socialization        
2.2.4 Nigerian Mass Media in the Campaign against
Child Tracking and Abuse                        
2.2.5 The Role of Mass Media in Anti-Child Abuse
and Tracking Campaign                        
2.2.6 Barriers to the Mass Media Anti-Child Trafficking
and Abuse Campaign in Nigeria                
2.2.7 Criminal Nature and Legal Framework of Child
Tracking and Abuse                            
2.2.8 Enhancing Agenda Setting in Campaigning
against Trafficking                         
2.2.9    The Power of Communication in Enacting
Laws against Trafficking                         
2.2.10 Effect of Globalization on Child Trafficking and
Forced prostitution in Nigeria                    
2.2.11 Health Effect of Trafficking: Aids                
2.2.12 Measures to Combat Child Trafficking and Abuse    
2.3    Theoretical Framework                        
2.3.1 Agenda Setting Theory                        
2.3.2 Attitude Change Theory                        
2.3.3 Democratic Participant Theory                    
2.4 Summary of the Review                        
References                                
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method                            
3.2    Research Design                            
3.3    Population of the Study                        
3.4    Sample Size Determination                    
3.5    Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument    
3.6    Method of Data Collection                        
3.7    Method of Data Analysis                        
References                                
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Distribution and Return of Questionnaire             
4.2 Bio-Data                                    
4.3 Data Relating to Research Questions                
4.3.1 Research Question One:                        
4.3.2 Research Question Two:                        
4.3.3 Research Question Three:                     
4.3.4 Research Question Four:                         
4.4 Test of Hypothesis                             
4.4.1 Test of Hypothesis One                         
4.4.2 Test of Hypothesis Two                        
4.4.3 Test of Hypothesis Three                        
4.4.4 Test of Hypothesis Four                        
4.5 Discussion of Findings                        
4.5.1 Discussion Based on Hypothesis One            
4.5.2 Discussion Based on Hypothesis Two            
4.5.3 Discussion Based on Hypothesis Three            
4.5.4 Discussion Based on Hypothesis Four            
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings                            
5.2 Conclusion                                    
5.3 Recommendations                            
5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies                    
Bibliography                                     
Appendix                                         
Questionnaire                                     
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1    Background of the Study
    The media, especially television and radio play a significant role in forming and influencing people’s attitudes and behaviour. Leeb (2010), noted that child abuse campaign drew attention to the essential role of the media in increasing society’s awareness of, and response to, child abuse and neglect. Such media attention to child abuse has at times, positively influenced public, professional and political responses to the circumstances in which children and young people find themselves. Understanding media influences, and how to use the media constructively, may thus be an essential tool for those who advocate for children, young people and their families (Brown, 2011).
    Incidents of child abuse and neglect can occur in different types of social and economic setting. However, reported cases tend to cluster within certain geographic areas of neighbourhoods that are marked by other signs of disadvantage, violence and decay. Placing a child maltreatment story within the broader context of family life or a neighbourhood situation can help illustrate both the presence and the of risk and protective factors that affect the lives of those who care for children. Follow-up or “take-out” stories  provide useful opportunities to address contextual issues and describe data sources which can help inform the general public about the underlying issues associated with abuse and neglect (Herrenkohl, 2015).
    In the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, a child is every human being below the age of eighteen years. Similarly, the Nigeria Child Right Act (2003), passed into law by the house of assembly, defines a child as a persons who has not attained the age of eighteen years. Four types of abuse and neglect are commonly recognized as forms of child maltreatment: Neglect, Physical Abuse, Sexual Abuse and Psychological or Emotional Maltreatment. More than half of the substantiated cases involve victims of child neglect. Many cases of child maltreatment also involve multiple forms of abuse and neglect (Herrenkohl, 2013).      
    Okoye (2014), states that in Nigerian, for instance, juvenile delinquency and breeding of street children are direct consequences of child abuse and neglect. A country where the child right bill is passed and mere lip-service is paid to its implementation amounts to hypocrisy and apathy as far as issues of child abuse and neglect is concerned. It is common knowledge that children in Nigeria are bludgeoned into child labour and prostitution by highly placed persons under the guise of philanthropy. Given these circumstances, the average Nigeria does not seem to be aware of the provisions of the child right bill needless to say the instruments before it. It is  even more worrisome in the light of the fact that more forms of youth violence, unrests, riots are linked with child abuse and neglect (Ellis, 2016).
     The media are undoubtedly persuasive instruments in man’s struggle for self-liberation and development (Shola, 2015). In line with this, the mass media selects and bring to waiting multitudes a constant flow of details related to those fruitful dialogues of differences and concordance upon which free societies thrive. With respects to child rights issue, the media most especially television medium coverage has been used as weapon of awareness creation. In this regard, the United Nations Fund for Population (UNFPA) and Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) have produced “I Need to Know” a Nigeria family-oriented television series that aired on the NTA network. In Oredo local government area of Edo State for example, the programmes is a regular feature on Edo Broadcasting Service (EBS), Nigerian television authority (NTA) and Independent Television (ITV). It addresses child rights, abuse and welfare and issues. Similarly, Women Trafficking and  Child Labour Eradication Foundation (WOTCLEF), at the instance of Mrs. Titi Abubakar the wife of Atiku Abubakar former Vice President in 2002 bankrolled the production of “Izuzo” a weekly drama serial on national television. This programme which aires weekly on NTA network service was mainly on child labour and its evils (Brennenstuhl, 2011). Inspite of all these efforts of past and present administration in Nigeria, the problem of child trafficking and abuse is still prevalent. Hence, the researcher evaluated the effect of mass media (TV and Radio) campaign on child trafficking and abuse.   
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
    It is sad to know that today, irrespective of the efforts of different governmental organizations, multinational and broadcast media have put together to eradicate the problem of child abuse, the problem still exist. It beats our imagination why any Nigerian should engage in such act like child trafficking and abuse which is akin to slavery. Moreover, Nigeria has been indicted as a transit point for child trafficking. The issue of child abuse in Nigeria is surrounded by a lot of unanswered questions. For instance, how many children have access to education, health facilities and even leisure especially when states are charged with deducing measures for endorsing and defending child welfare? What factors also constitute measures of appropriate welfare provision? It may be deduced therefore, that when one considers the problems of extreme poverty and dysfunctional democratic ideals impeding the advancement of the Nigeria child, one may not be too hasty to condemn the gains of child labour as a survival strategy for some children. Nigeria have been paying lip service to prevention of child abuse, for appropriate prevention of problems of child abuse should touch on the primary level of complex political, economic, cultural and social problems stimulating child abuse        
1.3    Objectives of the Study
    The broad objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of the mass media (TV and Radio)  campaign on child trafficking and abuse. Specifically, this study has the following objectives:
1.    To ascertain why people engage in child trafficking and abuse.
2.    To identify the extent to which the TV and Radio have created awareness on child trafficking and abuse.
3.    To determine the challenges militating against effective media (TV and Radio) campaign on child trafficking and Abuse.
4.    To examine the effect of aggressive media (TV and Radio) campaigns on child trafficking and abuse in the society.
1.4     Research Questions
The following questions guided the study:
1.    Why do people indulge in child trafficking and abuse?
2.    To what extent have TV and Radio created awareness on child trafficking and abuse?
3.    What are the challenges militating against effective media (TV and Radio) campaign on child trafficking and abuse?
4.    What are the effects of aggressive media (TV and Radio) campaigns on child trafficking and abuse in the society?
1.5     Research Hypotheses
Based on the research questions, the following hypotheses were formulated.  
Hypothesis One
H0     People do not have convincingly moral reasons for indulging in child trafficking.
H1    People have convincingly moral reasons for indulging in child trafficking.
Hypothesis Two
H0    TV and Radio have not created enough awareness on child trafficking and abuse.
H1    TV and Radio have created enough awareness on child trafficking and abuse
Hypothesis Three
H10:    There are no challenges militating against effective TV and Radio campaign on child trafficking and Abuse
H1:    There are challenges militating against effective TV and Radio campaign on child trafficking and Abuse
Hypothesis Four
H0:    There are no noticeable effects of aggressive media (TV and Radio) campaigns on child trafficking and abuse in the society.
H1:    There are noticeable effects of aggressive media (TV and Radio) campaigns on child trafficking and abuse in the society    .  
1.6     Significance of the Study
This study is very vital to both academic and government officials who are involved in the ‘Stop and Fight’’ against child trafficking and child abuse.
It is also important because it will create and provide methods through which media can help in reducing child trafficking and child abuse in the society.
The study will be beneficial as it will contribute to raising public awareness for parents and their wards to prevent them from falling victims of child trafficking and abuse.
Future researchers shall also benefit from the stud, as it will serve as valuable literature for reference.
1.7     Definition of Terms
Evaluation: To examine the contents of the media as they reflect to child trafficking and child abuse, as represented in the programmes of the media of interest to this study
Child: A child is a person under the age of (18) as defined by the child’s right Act 2003 and the convention on the right of the child 1989.
Effect: It is the positive or negative outcome of the mass media campaign on child trafficking and child abuse in the society.
Trafficking: Means buying, selling, kidnapping and movement of children against their will.
Abuse: Is the maltreatment of children thereby forcing them into hawking, prostitution and denial of education opportunity against their will.
1.8    Assumptions
In this study, it is assumed that the effect of mass media campaign on child abuse and child trafficking is so noticeable that it cannot be ignored.
    Child’s right programmes like drama, reports, documentaries etc have shown the tremendous effects of the mass media effort on the audience.  
1.9    Scope of the Study
The study focused on the programme in relation to the subject and the effect of the audience of the programmes in the society. The audience is limited to residents in Enugu, the capital city of Enugu state.
1.10     Limitations of the Study
The researcher encountered some impediments in the course of carrying out this research. Some of the problems include our inability to adapting ourselves to work together as group researchers.
The other very serious one had to do with the difficulty of data gathering and collection. Some of the respondents were initially economical with information, but when they confirmed that the research was purely for academic purposes, they gave out the necessary materials necessary for the research work.
REFERENCES
Brennenstuhl, K. (1999): Law and Ethics of media Practice. Lagos; Rothan Press Ltd.
Brown, U. (2011). The Dynamic of Mass Communication: Media in the Digital Age, 7th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Herrenkohl, U.V (2002) Media and Society”. In Kuna, C.S (ed) Teaching Mass Communication: A Multi-Dimensional Approach Enugu: New Generation Books.
Leeb (2010), “Right of a Child”. International Journal of Social Psychology: New York; Harper and Publishers
Okoye, H. (2014). Effect of the mass media on child trafficking and abuse. Academy journal of communication. 6(7); 76-79.
Shola, U. (2015). Child trafficking and abuse in Nigeria: The Way Forward. Lagos; university press.