mso-font-kerning:18.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Types of rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Rape
can be categorized in different ways: for example, by reference to the
situation in which it occurs, by the identity or characteristics of the victim,
and by the identity or characteristics of the perpetrator. These categories are
referred to as types of rape. The types of rape described below are not
mutually exclusive: a given rape can fit into multiple categories, by for
example by being both a prison rape and a gang rape, or both a custodial rape
and the rape of a child.
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">In 1993,
American researcher Patricia Rozee created the following classification of
rapes: marital rape (rape by a spouse); exchange rape (rape occurring as the
result of bargaining or solidarity-displaying among men); punitive rape (rape
used to punish or discipline); theft rape (rape that happens when a woman is
abducted, in most cases to be used as a slave or a prostitute); ceremonial rape
(rape involving defloration rituals); and status rape (rape resulting from
differences in hierarchy or social class).[1][2]
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Contents
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Date rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Main article: Date rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">The term
"date rape" is used to refer to several types of rape, broadly acquaintance rape, which is a non-domestic rape
committed by someone who knows the victim,[3] and drug
facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), where the rapist intentionally
drugs the victim with a date rape drug so
that they are incapacitated. Acquaintance rape constitutes the vast majority of
reported rapes, while DFSA is
infrequent. A frequently overlapping category is incapacitated
rape, where the victim is incapacitated and unable to give consent – this
is often the result of intoxication, but can also simply be because the victim
is asleep or has a medical condition. DFSA is when the rapist intentionally
incapacitates the victim via drugs, while acquaintance rape can occur when the
victim is not incapacitated.
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Acquaintance
rape can occur between two people who know one another usually in social
situations, between people who are dating as a couple and have had consensual
sex in the past, between two people who are starting to date, between people
who are just friends, and between acquaintances. They include rapes of
co-workers, schoolmates, family, friends, teachers and other acquaintances,
providing they are dating;[4] it is sometimes referred to as
"hidden rape" and has been identified as a growing problem in western society.[5] A college survey conducted by the United
States' National Victim Center reported that one in four college women have
been raped or experienced attempted rape.[6] This report indicates that young women
are at considerable risk of becoming a victim of date rape while in college. In
addition, there have been reported incidents of colleges questioning accounts
of alleged victims, further complicating documentation and policing of student
assaults, despite such preventative legislation as the Clery Act.[7][8]
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Gang rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Main article: Gang rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Gang rape
occurs when a group of people participate in the rape of a single victim. Rape
involving at least two or more violators (usually at least three[9]) is widely reported to occur in many
parts of the world. Systematic information on the extent of the problem, however,
is scant.
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">One study
showed that offenders and victims in gang rape incidents were younger with a
higher possibility of being unemployed. Gang rapes involved more alcohol and
other drug use, night
attacks and severe sexual assault outcomes and less victim resistance and fewer
weapons than individual rapes.[10] Another study found that group sexual
assaults were more violent and had greater resistance from the victim than
individual sexual assaults and that victims of group sexual assaults were more
likely to seek crisis and police services, contemplate suicide, and seek therapy than those involved in
individual assaults. The two groups were about the same in the amount of
drinking and other drug use during the assault.[11]
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Spousal rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Main article: Marital rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Also known as
marital rape, wife rape, husband rape, partner rape or intimate partner sexual
assault (IPSA), is rape between a married or de facto couple. Research
reveals that victims of marital/partner rape suffer longer lasting trauma than
victims of stranger rape.[12]
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Rape of children
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Main article: Child sexual abuse
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">See also: Incest and Child-on-child
sexual abuse
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Rape of a child
is a form of child sexual abuse.
When committed by another child (usually older or stronger) or adolescent, it
is called child-on-child
sexual abuse. When committed by a parent or other close relatives
such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, it is also incest and can result in serious and long-term
psychological trauma.[13] When a child is raped by an adult who
is not a family member but is a caregiver or in a position of authority over
the child, such as school teachers, religious authorities, or therapists, to
name a few, on whom the child is dependent, the effects can be similar to
incestual rape.
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Statutory rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Further
information: Statutory rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">National and
regional governments, citing an interest in protecting
"young people" (variously defined but sometimes synonymous with minors) from sexual exploitation, treat any
sexual contact with such a person as an offense (not always categorized as
"rape"), even if he or she agrees to or initiates the sexual
activity.
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">The offense is
often based on a presumption that people under a certain age do not have the
capacity to give consent. The age at which individuals are considered competent
to give consent, called the age of consent, varies in different countries and
regions; in the US, the age ranges from 16 to 18. Sexual activity that violates
age-of-consent law, but is neither violent nor physically coerced, is sometimes
described as "statutory rape,"
a legally-recognized category in the United States. Most states, however, allow
persons younger than the age of consent to engage in sexual activity if the age
difference between the partners is small; these are called close in age
exemptions or a Romeo and Juliet exemption
and even in countries where there is no official legal exemption prosecutions
are infrequent.
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Prison rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Main article: Prison rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Rates of prison rape have been reported as affecting
between 3% and 12% of prison inmates in the US.[14] Although prison rapes are more commonly
same-sex crimes (since prisons are usually separated by sex), the attacker
usually does not identify as homosexual.[15] This phenomenon is much less common
elsewhere in the western world. This is partly because of the differences in
the structure of the prison system in the US as compared to the prison systems
in Canada, Australia and Europe.[citation needed]
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">The attacker is
most commonly another inmate.[16]
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Payback rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">"Payback
rape", also called "punishment rape" or "revenge
rape", is a form of rape specific to certain cultures, particularly the Pacific Islands. It consists of the rape of a
female, usually by a group of several males, as revenge for acts committed by
members of her family, such as her father or brothers. The rape is meant to
humiliate the father or brothers, as punishment for their prior behavior
towards the perpetrators.[17] Payback rape is sometimes connected to
tribal fighting.[18]
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">War rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Main article: War rape
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Brennus
and His Share of the Spoils
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">, by Paul Jamin, 1893
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">War rapes
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN"> are rapes
committed by soldiers, other combatants or civilians during armed conflict or
war, or during military occupation. It also covers the situation where girls
and women are forced into prostitution or sexual slavery by an occupying power.[citation needed]
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">During war,
rape is often used as a means of psychological warfare
in order to humiliate the enemy and undermine their morale. Rapes in war are
often systematic and thorough, and military leaders may actually encourage
their soldiers to rape civilians. Likewise, systematic rapes are often employed
as a form of ethnic cleansing.[citation needed]
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">War rape has
been considered a war crime only since
1949. Article 27 of the Fourth Geneva Convention explicitly prohibits wartime
rape and enforced prostitution. These prohibitions were reinforced by the 1977
Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions.[19] Therefore, during the post-war Nuremberg Trials and Tokyo Trials, mass war rape was not prosecuted as
a war crime.
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">In 1998, the International
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda established by the United Nations made landmark decisions that rape
is a crime of genocide under international law. In one judgement, Navanethem Pillay said: "From time
immemorial, rape has been regarded as spoils of war. Now it will be considered
a war crime. We want to send out a strong message that rape is no longer a
trophy of war."[20]
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">The word rape
only began to be used to refer to sexual assault in the early 15th century, and
its dominant usage remained to refer to abduction and robbery without any
connotation of sexual assault until the modern period. Many classical
references to rape during war do not refer explicitly to instances of sexual assault,
but rather to the practice of abducting the women or jhproperty of the enemy
during warfare.[21]
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Rape by deception
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Main article: Rape by deception
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Rape by
deception occurs when the perpetrator gains the victim's consent through fraud.
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Corrective rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Main article: Corrective rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Corrective rape
is targeted rape against non-heterosexuals as a punishment for violating gender roles.[22][23] It is a form of hate crime against LGBT
individuals, mainly lesbians, in which the rapist justifies the act as an
acceptable response to the victim's perceived sexual or gender orientation and
a form of punishment for being gay.[22][23] Often, the stated argument of the
corrective rapist is that the rape will turn the person straight,
"correcting" their sex or gender, i.e. make them conform to societal
norms.[22][23][24] The term was first coined in South
Africa after well-known cases of corrective rape, such as that of sports star Eudy Simelane, became public.[25]
mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Custodial rape
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Custodial rape
is rape perpetrated by a person employed by the state in a supervisory or
custodial position, such as a police officer, public servant or jail or
hospital employee.[26][27][28] It includes the rape of children in
institutional care such as orphanages.[29]
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN" lang="EN">Custodial rape
has been reported in India, Pakistan,Subscribe to access this work and thousands more
