ABSTRACT
Background: Echocardiography has become and important tool in medical imaging. It is used in the confirmation of heart diseases especially hypertension, in Nigeria major cities using conventional echocardiography done with transoephageal echocardiography.
Aim: To describe the pattern of finding in echocardiogram of hypertensive patients in Conquest Medical Imaging Centre, Enugu.
Patient and method: a retrospective study of reports of patients who underwent echocardiography in Conquest Medical Imaging Centre between January 2011- December 2012 was conducted.
Result: The frequency of male referred for echocardiography for hypertension was significantly more than female (58%) 42%; P<0.05). Age group between 4 1-80 years had the highest frequency of referral (82.9%). Hypertrophy was dormant (49%). The of disease presentation are Heart failures/CCF 23( ), Diabetes mellitus (5%), palpitation/SOBE (3%), sickle cell anemia (3.5%), Edema, Dizziness/confusion, obesity (17) each, chest pain/Angina (2%), CKD Heart block, Arrhythmia, Arterial fibrillation and flutter CHB, Alcohol Heart disease, post systolic Murmur (0.6%) each.
Other findings are: Emphysema always show with degenerative diseases, right heart dysfunction goes with pericardial effusion and septal arrthomias due to pulmonary hypertension with hyperkinesias and poor global wall motion and, ejection fraction and pseudo normalization dilated right heart goes with obesity, COPD with S.A.D ration grade. Thickened or double contort with evidence of pericarditis. It was also noted that there could be degenerative diseases even with normal wall motion. Longitudinal and spontaneous echo, were also noted. Pulmonary hypertension (5%), corpulmonal (l%), flat iv septum with normal wall thickness but paradoxical septal motion due to right ventricular pressure over load (3.S%), aneurysm and pulmonary hypertension (5%) arrthmias (5%), rheumatic atrium and mitral stenosis and pulmonary hypertension (9.5%), pericardities (2%), COPD (1%), Trchcardia (0.6%), sigmoid iv septum (1%), Ischemic iv septum (O.6%) and aortic aneurysm with burgs (1%).
Conclusion: The result of this study showed that males are referred to echo than females. Hypertrophy is the commonness disease presentation. Left ventricular hypertrophy was a predominant finding in most of the patients. The result shows that no patient below 20 years was referred for echocardiography in the Center, most of the referrals are adults. There were also incidental echo findings in some patients referred for echocardiography
Keywords: Echocardiogram, hypertensive patients, referral, findings, pattern, Conquest Medical Imagining Centre.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page: … … … … … … … … … … i
Approval page: … … … … … … … … … ii
Certification page: … … … … … … … … … iii
Dedication page: … … … … … … … … … iv
Acknowledgement: … … … … … … … … v
Abstract: … … … … … … … … … … vii
Table of content: … … … … … … … … … viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction: … … … … … … … … 1
1.1 Statement of problem: … … … … … … … 4
1.2 Purpose of study: … … … … … … … … 4
1.3 The specific objective of the study: … … … … … 4
1.4 Hypothesis: … … … … … … … … … 4
1.5 Significance of study: … … … … … … … 5
1.6 The scope of study: … … … … … … … 5
1.7 Literature review: … … … … … … … … 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Theoretical background: … … … … … … … 15
2.1 Brief anatomy of the heart: … … … … … … 15
2.2 Blood pressure: … … … … … … … … 17
2.2.1 Classification of blood pressure: … … … … … 19
2.3 Hypertension/high blood pressure (Bp): … … … … 19
2.4 Types of hypertension: … … … … … … … 19
2.5 Pathological consequences (Complications) : … … … 20
2.6 Risk factors: … … … … … … … … … 22
2.7 Screening test: … … … … … … … … 23
2.8 Echocardiogram: … … … … … … … … 24
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research methodology: … … … … … … … 45
3.1 Research design: … … … … … … … … 45
3.2 Target population: … … … … … … … … 45
3.3 Sampling: … … … … … … … … … 45
3.4 Source of collection: … … … … … … … 45
3.5 Method of data collection: … … … … … … 46
3.6 Data analysis: … … … … … … … … 48
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation: … … … … … … … … 49
4.1 Test of hypothesis: … … … … … … … … 54
4.1.1 Hypothesis: … … … … … … … … … 54
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion: … … … … … … … … … 59
5.1 Summary of findings: … … … … … … … 63
5.2 Recommendation: … … … … … … … … 64
5.3 Limitation: … … … … … … … … … 64
5.4 Area of further study: … … … … … … … 65
5.5 Conclusion: … … … … … … … … … 65
References: … … … … … … … … … 66
Appendix: … … … … … … … … …
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1a
Table 1b
Table 1c
Table 2
Table 3a
Table 3b
Table 3c
Table 3d
Table 4a
Table 4b
Table 5
Table 6
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
Report sheet
