ABSTRACT

This research work physico-chemical quality of well water within Araromi Automobile Spare Parts market Agodi, Ibadan. The research work assess the physico-chemical characteristics of thewell water sample collected in the study area and also identify analyze and compare the heavy metal concentration with national and international standards. The procedure adopted included observation, and the water sample was collected from seven hand dug well within the study area using 750ml water container and instruments such as standardized Pocket Thermometer, HANNA HI 83141 pH meter, HANNA HI 9828 High Powered Microcomputer Conductivity Meter, WAGTECH 7100 Microprocessor Turbidity Meter, APHA 1998, AAS (Spectra 220) Atomic Absorption Spectrometer were used. The analysis of the result shown that the physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, Total Dissolved Solids, conductivity, turbidity, nitrate, chloride and heavy metals such as mercury, iron, arsenic do not exceed the WHO guideline value of drinking water using R.33, t test and ANOVA to present it accordingly. Meanwhile parameter such as pH, total suspended solids, Lead and Cobalt exceed the WHO guideline value of drinking water. Water quality analysis was recommended to be carried out on all hand-dug wells and be disinfected at least once in a year by the appropriate authorized bodies such as the NESREA.  Other recommendations includes construction of drainage and sewer systems,  provision of cover to all wells, Employment of environmental health scientist to be saddled the responsibility  of routing monitoring of the water facilities, and provision  of  regulatory  guidance  and  recommended  pollution  prevention opportunities  to  help  mechanics to  handle  their  waste  in  cost-effective  and environmentally sound ways.

Table of contents

Title page I

Approval Page II

Dedication III

Acknowledgement IV 

Table of contents V

List of Tables

List of figures

Abstract

Chapter One 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background to the study 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 3

1.3 Significance of the study 4

1.4 Aim of the study 4

1.5 Objectives of the study 5

1.6 Purpose of study 5

1.7 Scope and limitation 5

1.8 Operational definition 5

Chapter Two 9

2.0 Literature review 9

2.1 Sources of water 9

2.1.1 Groundwater 9

2.1.2 Surface water 10

2.2 Water pollution 11

2.3 Sources of water pollution 12

2.3.1 Point sources 12

2.3.2 Non-point sources 13

2.4 Heavy metals 13

2.4.1 Beneficial heavy metals                                                                                             14

2.4.2 Toxic heavy metals                                                                                                    14

2.4.3 Factors affecting the mobility of heavy metals in the environment 15

2.4.4 Effects of heavy metals in the environment                                                16

2.4.5 Soil heavy metal pollution                                                                                       17

2.4.6 Heavy metals in groundwater                                                                                 17

2.4.7 Natural sources of heavy metals in groundwater                                            18

2.4.8 Anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in groundwater                               19       

2.5. Heavy metals in drinking water and their impact on human health and the environment                                                                                               20

2.5.1 Iron                                                                                                                 20

2.5.2 Lead                                                                                                                            21

2.5.3 Arsenic                                                                                                                                 24

2.5.4 Mercury                                                                                                                   26

2.5.5 Cobalt                                                                                                                      28

2.6 Physico-chemical parameters of water                                                         29

2.6.1 Temperature                                                                                                          29

2.6.2 Ph                                                                                                                            30

2.6.3 Turbidity                                                                                                                 31

2.6.4 Conductivity                                                                                                              32

Chapter three      34

3.0 Methodology       34

3.1 Research design       34

3.2 Study area      34

3.3 Selection of sampling sites     35

3.3.1 Sampling                                                              35

3.4 Materials and methods for data collection                                                                             35                           35

3.4.1 Temperature determination      36

3.4.2 Measurement of ph      36

3.4.3 Measurement of electrical conductivity (ec)     37

3.4.4 Measurement of turbidity      37

3.4.5 Total coliform count      38

3.4.6 Determination of heavy metals (Hg, Fe, Pb, Ar, and Co)     39      

3.4.6a Digestion of samples      39

3.6 Statistical analysis       

Chapter Four

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Physico-chemical characteristics of well water samples

4.2 Heavy metals and concentration of the well water samples

 4.3 Coliform and e-coli presence in the well water samples

4.4 Survey of sanitary conditions within the “araromi   automobile spare parts market”

Chapter Five

5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Physico-Chemical Parameters

5.1.2 Heavy Metal Levels In Water Sources At “Araromi   Automobile Spare Part Market”

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendations

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Summary of physicochemical parameters

Table 4.2 Showing summary of nitrate and chloride

Table 4.3 Showing iron (Fe) summary

Table 4.4 Showing lead (Pb) summary

Table 4.5 Showing cobalt (Co) summary

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 4.1: Showing physico-chemical characteristic of water across the samples.

Fig. 4.2: Showing ph value of water across the samples

Fig. 4.3: Showing temperature value of water across the samples

Fig. 4.4: Showing conductivity value of water across the samples

Fig. 4.5: Showing total dissolved solid value of water across the samples

Fig. 4.6: Showing total suspended solid value of water across the samples

Fig. 4.7: Showing turbidity value of water across the samples

Fig. 4.8: Showing presence of pollutant in the well water.

Fig. 4.9: Showing the concentration status of heavy metals