ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i

ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………... iii

DEDICATION…………………………………………………………….. iv

CERTIFICATION…………………………………………………………..v

TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………..... vi

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………...………………. viii

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………...ix

CHAPTER  ONE

1.0 Introduction and
literature review (Staphylococcus aureus)…………………1

1.0.1   
Historical
background………………………………………………..2

1.0.2   
Classification…………………………………………………………4

1.0.3   
Epidemiology and
Risk Factors………………………………………5

1.0.4   
Virulence
factors……………………………………………………...8

1.0.5   
Staphylococcal
infections…………………………………………....12

1.0.6   
Diagnosis…………………………………………………………….14

1.0.7   
Prevention and
control………………………………………………15

1.0.8   
Treatment and
management…………………………………………18

1.1           
Introduction and
Literature review (Candida albicans)………………….19

1.1.1   
Historical
overview…………………………………………………..20

1.1.2   
Classification………………………………………………………....22

1.1.3   
Epidemiology and
risk factors………………………………………..23

1.1.4   
Signs and
symptoms………………………………………………….24

1.1.5   
Diagnosis……………………………………………………………..26

1.1.6   
Prevention and
control……………………………………………….27

1.1.7   
Treatment and
management…………………………………………..28

1.2. ANTIMICROBIAL
THERAPY

1.2.0. Introduction……………………………………………………………29

1.2.1. History of Antibiotics…………………………………………………29

1.2.2. Classes of Antibiotics…………………………………………….........31

1.2.3. Penicillins……………………………………………………………...32  

1.2.4. Beta-lactamase Inhibitors……………………………………………...33

1.2.5. Aminoglycoside………………………………………………………..34

1.2.6. Chloramphenicol………………………………………………….........35                                  

   1.2.7.
Tetracycline…………………………………………………………….36

1.2.8. Septrin…………………………………………………………………..37

1.2.9. Macrolide………………………………………………………………..39

1.2.10. Quinolones……………………………………………………………..40

1.2.11. Cephalosporins…………………………………………………………42

 1.3.  AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES……………………………………………..............44

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  Materials and Methods

2.1. Material used………………………………………………………..............45

2.2. Media used………………………………………………………………….45

2.3. Sterilization of materials……………………………………………………46

2.4. Collection of samples………………………………………………………46

2.5. Culture method……………………………………………………………..47

2.6. Preparation of antibiotics susceptibility
disc……………………………….48

2.7. Antimicrobial susceptibility test……………………………………………49

2.8. Antibiogram typing…………………………………………………………51

CHAPTER THREE.

3.0. Results………………………………………………………………………52

CHAPTER FOUR.

4.0. Discussion………………………………………………………………….58

4.1. Conclusion and Recommendation………………………………………….60

 References ……………………………………………………………………..61

Appendix one…………………………………………………………………...73

Appendix two
…………………………………………………………………..76

Appendix three………………………………………………………………….79

LIST
OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1. 
Criteria used for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus.

Table 2. 
Antibiogram types of  Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy male students in Eguare Secondary
School, Ekpoma.

Table 3. Group cumulative frequency susceptibility
rate of isolated Staphylococcus aureus to grouped antibiotics at different
rates.

Figure
1. frequency rate of antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated
from the nostrils in order of increasing rate.