GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF WAR SPEECHES
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0    Introduction
1.1    Life of Adolf Hitler                 
1.2    Life of Odumegwu Ojukwu                
1.3    Purpose of Study                
1.4    Scope of Study                    
1.5    Methodology                        
1.6    Theoretical Background                
1.7    Literature Review                    
1.8    Thesis Statement                    
CHAPTER TWO: SYNTACTIC ANALYSES OF SELECTED
WAR SPEECHES (HITLER AND OJUKWU)
2.1    Sentence                    
2.1.1    The Simple Sentence                    
2.1.2    Simple Sentences in Adolf Hitler War Speech: “Declaration of
War on US”                    
2.1.3    Simple Sentences in Odumegwu Ojukwu’s War Speech
Titled: “Ojukwu’s Call from Exile”             
2.1.4    A Compound Sentence                
2.1.5    Compound Sentence in Adolf Hilter War Speech    
2.1.6    Compound Sentences in Odumegwu Ojukwu War Speech:
“Ojukwu Call from Exile”             
2.2    Complex Sentence                
2.2.1    Complex Sentences in Adolf Hitler’s War Speech: “Declaration
of War on US”                
2.2.2    Complex Sentences in Odumegwu Ojukwu’s War Speech:
“Ojukwu Call from Exile”                
2.3    Functional Sentence                
2.3.1    Declarative Sentence                     
2.3.2    Declarative Sentence in Adolf Hitler War Speech         
2.3.3    Declarative Sentence in Ojukwu War Speech    
2.3.4    Interrogative Sentence            
2.3.5    Interrogative Sentence in Adolf Hitler’s War Speech    
2.4    Clause Patterns                
2.4.1    Clause Patterns in Adolf Hitler’s War Speech         
2.4.2    Clause pattern in Odumegwu Ojukwu’s War Speech        
2.5    The Complex Noun Phrase                
2.5.1    Complex Noun Phrase in the Extracted Sentences of Adolf
Hitler War Speech                
2.5.2    Complex Noun Phrase in the extracted sentence from Odumegwu
Ojukwu war speech                 
CHAPTER THREE: MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF
WAR SPEECHES (ADOLF HITLER AND ODUMEGWU OJUKWU)
3.0    Morphology                     
3.1    Morphological Analysis of Extracted Lexical Items from War
Speech of Adolf Hitler: “Declaration of War on the US”         
3.2    Morphological Analyses of Extracted Lexical Items from War
Speech of Odumegwu Ojukwu: “Ojukwu Call from Exile”     29
3.3    Stems in the selected lexical items from Adolf Hitler War Speech    30
3.4    Stems in the selected Lexical items from Odumegwu Ojukwu
    War Speech                         
3.5    Affixation                         
3.5.1    Inflectional Affixes                
3.3.2    Derivational Affixes                    
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion                        
Work Cited                            
Appendix                                 
CHAPTER ONE
1.0    INTRODUCTION
    Language is a powerful tool of socio-political interactions in the human society. Bloch and Trager (1942:5) define language as ‘a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates’. According to Okolo and Ezikeojaku (2008: 10). This definition puts all emphasis on the social function of language, thus narrowing the role of language in human interaction”. Humans communicate with language. According to Longe and Ofuani “to communicate means to share”. Humans ‘share’ with language and we cannot ‘share’ if we do not ‘cooperate! Hence ‘UNDERSTANDING in Longe and Ofuani  (2008:1) is needed to ‘cooperate’. That is “we must agree on or come to an absolute understanding about the rules that govern whatever we are sharing” (Longe and Ofuani).
    However, language depends on the context of situation for it to be meaningful. A particular human language is designed for a specific purpose and situation.  A language for war is different from a language of marriage. This is because the two events occur in   different situation. Hence, Halliday (1976: 28) uses the term situation to mean the environment in which the language we use comes to life and becomes meaningful. More on language will be looked at, in the subsequent sub-topic.
    Perhaps, this work is titled: Grammatical Analysis of war speeches (Adolf Hitler and Ojukwu) and it is very necessary we unveil something about their lives.
1.1    LIFE OF ADOLF HITLER
    Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazi Germany was born April 20th 1889 in a small Austrian town called Braunau, near the border of Germany. Hitler was not popular at school and he made few friends. He rarely performed well at school work. Adolf Hitler came from a very poor background. His father showed him no care unlike his mother who cared so much about him. His encounter with the Jews at his miserable early age made him grew some kind of hatred far the Jews in the future. Hitler was a very good orator. He incited the second war. He died in 1945.
1.2    LIFE OF ODUMEGWU OJUKWU
    Odumegwu-Ojukwu was born on 4th of November 1933 at Zungeru in Northern Nigeria. He was one of the first and few University graduates to join the army. Ojukwu was the brain behind the emancipation of Biafra Republic. His dream never came to reality though. He died on 26th November 2011 in the United Kingdom after a brief illness, aged 78.
1.3    PURPOSE OF STUDY
    This work is aimed to do the grammatical analyses of war speeches. Data from Hitler’s was speech titled. “Declaration of war on the U.S” and Ojukwu’s war speech titled. “Ojukwu Call from Exile” will be used as case studies.
1.4    SCOPE OF STUDY
    This work will cover the syntactic and morphological analyses of war speeches of Adolf Hitler titled ‘Declaration of War on US’ and Odumegwu Ojukwu title: “Ojukwu Call from Exile”. In syntax we will look at the following.
i.    Structural sentence types in the selected war speeches
ii.    Functional types of sentences in the selected war speeches
iii.    Sentence/clause patterns in the selected war speeches
iv.    The complex noun phrase in the selected war speeches.
In the second part of the work we will deal with morphological analysis of selected lexical, items in the war speeches. We will look at;
i.    Morphemes
ii.    Stem
iii.    Root
iv.    Affixes
v.    Inflectional
vi.    Derivations
1.5    METHODOLOGY
    The war speeches that are to be used are majorly online sources. We will use Quirk et al method in the syntactic analyses of the war speeches. S.H Tomori morphological analyses pattern will also be adopted or employed in the morphological analyses of the selected war speeches.
1.6    THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
    The science of language is known as linguistics. It includes what are generally distinguished as descriptive linguistics and historical linguistics.
    Hall (1968: 158) defines language as “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory symbols”. Language here is treated as a purely human institution, that is, that language used by a particular society is part of that society’s culture. Ideas, feelings, emotions etc are ‘communication’; the definition above refers to the fact that language is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior. ‘Interactions’ that is introduced seems to be preferred to “cooperation” used by Bloc and Trager because language actually involves mutual or reciprocal action.,
    Moreover, communication can be simply be regarded as the act of transferring information from one place to another. The desired outcome or goal of any communication understands. The process of interpersonal communication cannot be regarded as a phenomena which simply ‘happens’ but should be seen as a process which involves participants negotiating their role in this process, whether consciously or unconsciously. Effective communication involves minimizing potential misunderstanding and overcoming any barriers to communication at each stage in the communication process. Successful encoding of messages is a vital skill in effective communication. Once received, the receivers need to decode the message, and successful decoding is a vital skill. If that be the case, the communicator then needs to speak in the language of the listener. A medical Jargon will be useless in a gathering of literary elites. Language in communication should be in accordance with the context of the situation or else it will lose it linguistic value. Lets see what then is language variety.
    Longe quoted Catford (1965:84) in his work; Studies in the varieties of language (1995; 15) that “A language variety is a sub-set correlates (regularly) with a particular type of socio-situational feature”. Tom Mc Arthur in the Oxford Companion to English Language (1992) defines variety as “use-related varieties, associated with function, such as legal English (the language of courts, contracts, etc) and literary English (the typical usage of literary texts, conversation etc)”. The main point in the above definitions is that language varies according to the situation. According to Halliday (1976:28). “Situation means the environment in which the language we use comes to life and becomes meaningful”. Then the idea of register sets in which according to Gregory is “The linguistic reflection of recurrent characteristics of the users use of language in situation”. This means a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular setting. The language of war is definitely different from the language of marriage. The lexis, choice of words, tone etc used in time of war is different from that of love. This is because the two are of different contextual situation.
    The language of war is kind of technical, complex and strict. The speaker is normally business minded – no time for frivolity in speech. When spoken, the language of war is usually tensed. The tone is high. While written as in speeches, the sentences as in speeches, the sentences are so long. We find declarative sentences in most war speeches as we will see later in the war speeches of Adolf Hitler and Ojukwu respectively. Their sentence contain structurally simple but also long, complex and compound sentences. We will look more into these in the subsequent sub topic.
1.7    LITERATURE REVIEW
    Various authors and institutions have written on varieties of language. A look at some of these authors is therefore necessary. A Nigerian linguist, Prof. V.U. Longe in his work Studies in the varieties of Language discusses the use of language in an official context, with a focus on the Nigeria civil service. He is of the opinion that it is misleading to give the impression that there is a civil service language because there is varying linguistic and stylistic makers of language from one civil language to another. He went further to say that civil service English refers to the language of the administrative group because it meditates between the government and the governed. Hence, he focuses on describing the language used by the administrative group. Longe states that minutes, letters, memoranda, briefs and notices are the major modes of communication used in the Nigerian civil service. This is based on the information he got through administered questionnaires.
    In analyzing his data Longe used discourse features, pragmatic features and textual features to determine the language of the administrative group in the Nigerian civil service.
    G.L. Brooks (1973) also wrote in the area of officialese, where he divided officialese into two broad groups. The ceremonial and the language used by the civil servants in the communication with one another and with the public. He too is of the opinion that this kind of English has its distinctive markers. He says that the language of civil service is predominantly complex with complex sentences.
    Martin Joos (1962), in one prominent model describes five styles in spoken English. He talked of unchanging such as Biblical quotations of certain archaism. Examples are: the pledge of allegiance, wedding vows and other statues. He also talked consultative where two ways participation and background information is provided prior knowledge is not assured. Back channel behavior such as ‘uh’, ‘hu’ ‘I see’ etc is common. Interruptions are allowed. Examples are, teacher/student, doctor/patient, expert/apprentice. He also mentioned casual, such as group friends and acquaintances where no background information is provided. Ellipsis and slangs are common.
    Eloghene Oganah (2003) wrote on the language of aviation, where he picked out the already laid out features of ICAO, and march then in relation to their functions (communication and linguistic). He also found out the linguistic factors responsible for communication in the aviation language which according Jones Kent and Laird Ketty led to several crashes and near crashes both in the past and the present.
    Okoma Ogochukwu (2011) wrote on the language of television news broadcast. She collected data from Edo Broadcasting service and Nigeria Television Authority. She looked at the word formation and phrase types and found out that affixation occurs more often in the language than other word formation processes.
1.8    THESIS STATEMENT
    Through the manipulation of syntactic and morphological elements, Adolf Hitler and Odumegwu Ojukwu rouse their audience and with their sympathy respectively.