PRODUCT PLANNING DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT IN MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATION
(A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY’S PLC, ENUGU)
ABSTRACT
Product planning distribution and management in an organiztion are very vital in the production and distribution of very manufacturing organization. Before ever a manufacturing company should come out with a good quality product, it must undergo many processes, from planning for either short range or long, fore casting doing market research and consumer survey, protesting the product and introducing the product to the market through different channels of distribution. The aim of this study is to describe how the Nigeria bottling company plc, Enugu is really involved in the process of product planning, distribution and management. This is done by gathering information from certain problems usually associated with product planning, and proposing remedial measures after revealing areas of problem. The question in  the questionnaire were based on the research question s developed for this purpose while analysis were made using the chi-square (x2) test and percentage from here a discussion of the findings, recommendation and conclusion were made by the researcher.  It is hoped that this will aid managers in planning, distribution and managing the their products by taking effective and efficient decisions in these important decision areas. For examples the company  should recruit highly staff and give them adequate training.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1        Background of the Study                                      
1.2        Statement of the problem                             
1.3        Objective of the study                                  
1.4        Research Questions                                             
1.5        Scope of the Study                                              
1.6        Limitation and Study                                    
1.7        Significance of the Study                                      
1.8        Definition of Term                                                
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1        Meaning of Product                                                      
2.2        Product Classification                                           
2.3         Product Planning and Product Development            
2.4        Design Areas in Product Planning                           
2.5        The Function of Product Planning                           
2.6        New Product                                                               
2.7        Planning for New Product                                              
2.8        The expanding duties of the Product Manager          
2.9        Production Attributes                                            
2.10    Product Positioning                                                      
2.11    Physical Distribution                                                     
2.12    Physical Distribution Objective                                       
2.13    Distribution Channels                                            
2.14    Selection Channels of Distribution                           
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
1.1        Research Design                                                         
1.2        Area of Study                                                            
1.3        Population of the Study                                               
1.4        Sample and Sampling Procedure s                        
1.5         Instrument for Data Collection                             
1.6        Validity of the Instrument                                    
1.7        Reliability of the Instrument                                 
1.8        Methods of Data Collection                                   
1.9        Method of Data Analysis                                              
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1        Presentation and Analysis of Data                          
4.2        Data Analysis                                                              
4.3        Summary of Results                                                     
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1        Discussion of Results                                    
5.2        Implication of the Research Findings               
5.3        Recommendations                                               
5.4        Suggestion for further Research                     
Bibliography
Appendix
 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
 1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A product has been defined by the American marketing association as any thing that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition or consumption including physical objects, services, personalities, organization and desires.
A product as defined by stanchion in fundamentals of marketing. A product is a set of tangible and intangible attributes that leads to customer satisfaction. Product planning embraces all the activities that enable a company to determine what product it will market.
Management deals with all those who have supervisory responsibility ranging from the chief executive down to the first line supervisor, in this case, management is regarded to as box, that is those who direct the work of others and their own through their own offers and efforts of others thus, product planning and management, comprises all the activities that enables a customers wants and need respectively.
This involves the process of effectively planning and regulating the operations of that part of enterprises which is responsible for the actual transformation of materials into finished products. This includes all the activities required. In storage and distribution of the company’s goods.
This addresses the questions of.
a.     Which type of channels a seller should select for his product.
b.     Which particular middlemen include in each channel type and.
c.      How to management distribution system for effective performance. The company or firm should know the degree of channel control desired, by controlling the channel, the producer attempts to ensure that this product will receive the necessary sales push as well as any other essential elements needed to present the product properly and satisfy and customers.
The company of firm should make necessary effort to control the quality of the product.
Product quality-         the quality level to be built into the product is a conscious decision to be made by the manufacture. A higher quality product normally is more costly to product than a lower quality one and so commands a higher price on the market. The quality level decision therefore should be related to the price range that will be attractive to the mainstreams of potential buyers, quality is multifaceted. It relates to, or depends on. Such factors as the quality of raw materials used the production process  itself, quality controls during production packaging or dressing of the product, price of the product, the environment in which the product is displayed for buys, the durability of the product is used and the buyers, expectation and appreciation in general, product quality tends to be high to the extent that any of the above factors is good or high as the case may be.  The quality produced has been in line with demand at a particular point in time, so as to fight against out of stock and over stock.  The company has to be watchful at any point in time so as to know what type of product to be produced, when to produce. How to produce, whom to produce for the (target market) and cloy such a product is required.
According to Charles A. Scheve and Reuben M Smith. The basic goal of product management is to ensure that a product matches the wants and needs of consumers in its market. Then many markets make the mistake of thinking that consumers feel and act as they do and share their wants” invalid assumptions on the part of marketers. Results to marketing failures previously, about one hundred years ago, there were few producers. The sellers’ oriented type of market was prevailing consumers out weighted the number of producers and little or no regards was paid to consumers welfares.
Production concept of marketing philosophy was prevalent. What ever was produced had to be consumed. This goes to mean that the total produce concept is the entire set of benefits the products provides to the consumers. No attention was paid to product packaging, branding product quality and other important physical attributes of a product.
As time went on, more and more producers come into the market. This gave rise to conception among the available producers consumption was based on good packaging brand image, product quality convenient. This is known as product concept in marketing philosophy.  It is this situation that forced manufactures to spend time in product packaging, labeling, branding etc.
Now due to advancement in both technology and communication as will as production equipment introduced into the circulation makes the market more complicated. This is the era that brought about marketing concept. Here manufactures and producers first of all is out to find really the needs and wants of consumers, then the most admirable type colour, package design, branding and labeling that all best suit the desire of the potential and actual consumers of the product.
Product planners must try to match the firms resources lie when it is capable of producing with the men, money, machines and materials and with the needs of consumers satisfaction and highest company profits can be achieved with the limited resources available,
Because of the sophisticated nature of today’s   Business, many tactics are being applied by different companies to fight back competitions and to stand firmly in the market. Many new products are constantly being introduced into the market.  Innovators are seriously doing their job; old and profitable products are modernized while some are deleted out of the market. Companies use specific and admirable packaging design, good branding and beautiful types of labeling to distinguish their products from many in circulation. Similar products in the market.
 Historical Background of Nigeria Bottling Company
Nigeria Bottling Company limited is one of few multination organization that had is beginnings in Nigeria from a small family owned operation at Inception we have growth to become the predominant bottler of alcohol free beverages in Nigeria, respective for the manufacture and sale of over 33 different coca-cola brands.
        The Nigeria Bottling Company Limited (NBC) was in corporate in November 1951, a subsidiary of the A.G. Leventis group with the franchis to bottle and sell coca-cola products in Nigeria.  Production began in 1953 at a bottling facility in Ebute metta, Lagos over the years.  Production capacity has grown and its presently has 13 bottling facilities and over 80 distribution warehouse located across the country.
        Since, production started, NBC limited has remained the largest bottler remained the larges bottler of non-alcoholic beverage in the country in terms of sales volume, with about 1.8 billion bottler sold per year, making it the second larges market in Africa.
        Today, we are part of the coca-cola Hellenic bottling company (Coca-cola Helleric) one of the coca-cola company’s larges anchor bottles worldwide.  Coca-cola Hellenic operates in 28 countries services more than 560million consumers and with 2.1 billion unit cases sales in 2009.
        Our company is driven by over, 6000 employees, a culture of passion for excellence, sophisticated technology and the best distribution network in the country with 13high performing bottling plants, over 80 depots and over 200,000 sales outlets nationwide, we supply some of the most ubiquitous and best known brands including:
        Coca- cola
        Fanta
Sprite
Schweppes
Eva water
Five alive  
1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In most business operations today the task of planning and managing a product is not an easy one.
Emphasis is laid on the problems associated with product planning distribution and management in an organization in NBC PLC Enugu.
The company is having problems in procuring raw materials. The reason is that.
a.     The Federal Government banned the importation of the base material-what?
b.     Local supplier does not always have enough to give t        he company.
c.      The local inputs have to be refined to bring them to the standard record by the company.
d.     Transporting the raw materials is a problem since the company does not have enough f town trucks.
e.     The raw materials are usually bulky.
The company is also having problems in product planning and development.
The reason being that the company exists in an economy strangled by hyperinflation and insecurity. Consumers are now being very careful on what to spend for or consumer.
Another problem that the company encounters is that of increased competitions from companies like 7 up bottling PLC. The company’s competitors are having a high quality of product often not much different from the NBC. Even where NBC gain in terms of quality and diversification, other gain by more liquid content, as 7 up against sprite and cheaper prices.
In the area of distribution and product management, the company has insufficient number of trucks and experiences bottle breakages and pilferages.
1.3    OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This study is purely on product planning, distribution and management. It aims at describing how NBC PLC is really involved in these tasks. To do this the study is armed with information gathered from extensive literature review as a base.
The main and primary objectives of this study:
1.    Is to define certain problems usually associated with product planning distribution and management in NBC PLC which require a proposal of remedial measure after reveal areas of the problems, they will study.
2.     Investigate on the areas of the company’s procurement of raw materials use. How the company plans for its products. How this product is developed.
3.     To know how management and workers take decision, what channel of distribution is used, and how are the products managed from production to consumption.
It is also important to mention that this research work is very vital in partial fulfillment of the award of ordinary national diploma (OND) in the polytechnic IMT Enugu state.
1.4    RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the purpose of this study the following research question have been proposed by the researcher.
1.     Do you have problems in procuring raw materials used by your company?
2.     Do you plan for your product before production?
3.     Do you encounter certain problems in planning and managing your products?
4.     Do you normally meet up with demand during peak period?
5.     How does distribution cope with the distribution system of your company?
6.     Do your products meet a real need of consumers or do they complain of poor quality.
1.5    SCOPE OFD THE STUDY
This study covers the Nigerian Bottling company PLC Enugu the producer of
i.       Coca-cola
ii.      Sprite
iii.     Fanta (Quinine and Orange)
iv.     Krest
v.     Tonic water
vi.     Chapman
vii.    Club soda
The researcher basing my write up-on coca-cola which is the first product of the company when it started production in 1963.
For NBC PLC, Enugu this study is structured to consider product planning distribution and management in an organization only.
1.7    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This write up is likely to be beneficial to three parties particularly. The student (Writer). The subject matter (Nigerian Bottling Company PLC Enugu) and the Institute of management and technology (IMT) and probably the country in general.  It is beneficial to the write in the sense that it gives him opportunity to review personally almost all that it exposed the writer to a very wide area f business most especially during the cross of research and widened his knowledge. Also with the opportunity provided by the research study, the writer having obtained facts from research carried out will be privileged to express higher opinion based on personal judgment on the subject matter (Nigeria Bottling Company PLC Enugu) when the suggestions and recommendations provided by this study are implemented this is it fault will reality the weaknesses identified during the course of study. Also the exposure and awareness which this project will create about (Nigerian Bottling Company PLC Enugu) could help in attracting different categories of individuals and groups to come and invest in (Nigeria n Bottling Company PLC Enugu as required by the Authority.
Finally, since it is generally believed that examination alone does provides the true test of one’s ability or knowledge the polytechnic could use this project work to measure the performance and seriousness of the student or writer.
 1.8    DEFINITION OF TERM
Because of the misconception of product and the mis-positioning of products there is need to explain some productions know how which few has been explained above.
 Organization of Branding: Organizing of the product
branding is a variable product attribute. Branding considered as one aspect of product policy. It seemed also to be a phase of promotional policy since it is a communication. Brand policy issue center ground the question of whether to brand in the first place and their whether to use individual product brand of a family or blanket brand. The same brand far all the product in the line in there exist a problems of whether to sell price brands.
Product Positioning: Management ability to position a
product appropriately in the market is a major determinant of company profit. According to William Stanton.  A product position in the image that product prefects is relations to  competitive products by the company in question William Stanton goes on saying that the more to product positioning is an attempt by business.
Physical Distribution: This is the part of marketing that
addresses how product are moved and stored. A physical distribution channel include intermediates often not considered to be part marketing channel, such as transportation companies public were  house and insurance companies that participates and the movement and a towage of products. These agent who do not take thrift to actually own the goods they handle are referred functions is to facilities the movement of goods.