CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 6

Objectives of the Study 7

Justification for the Study 8

Scope and Limitations of the Work 9

Scope 9

Limitations 9

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.1 Small Hydropower Systems 10

1. 2.1.1  Types of Hydroelectricity Generation 13

   2.1.1.1 Conventional Hydroelectricity 13

   2.1.1.2 Run-of-the-river Hydroelectricity 14

   2.1.1.3 Pumped-storage Hydrelectricity 15

   2.1.1.4 Tidal Hydroelectricity 15

   2.1.1.5 Underground Hydrelectricity 16

   2.1.1.6 Small Hydroelectricity 16

   2.1.1.7 Micro-Hydro Projects 16

2. 2.1.2  Advantages of Hydroelectricity 16

3. 2.1.3  Disadvantages of Hydroelectricity 18

4. 2.1.4  Types of Hydropower Turbines 22

   2.1.4.1 Reaction Hydro Turbines 22

   2.1.4.2 Impulse Hydro Turbines 25

1. 2.2  Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Technologies 27

2. 2.3  Hydro/Photovoltaic Hybrid Power Systems 32

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 38

1. 3.1  Electricity Consumption in FUTO 38

2. 3.2  Study Area 38

3. 3.3  Features of Otamiri River 39

4. 3.4  Site Evaluation and Hydrological Data 41

5. 3.5  Evaluation of the Hydropower Potential of Otamiri River 42

6. 3.6  Evaluation of the Electrical Power of the PV Array 44

1. 3.6.1  Solar Radiation Data of the Site 44

2. 3.6.2  Sizing the Photovoltaic Panel 45

3.7 Small Hydro/Photovoltaic Hybrid Power Scheme for FUTO 47

3.7.1 Small Hydropower Components 48

3.7.1.1 Intake 48

3.7.1.2 Weir 49

3.7.1.3 Turbine 49 3.7.1.4 Generators 54

3.7.1.5 Penstock 54

3.7.1.6 Forebay Tank 58

1. 3.7.2  PV Array and its Sub-components 59

   3.7.2.1 PV Array 59 3.7.2.1 Inverter 60

   3.7.2.3 Solar Charge Controller 62

   3.7.2.4 Battery 63

2. 3.7.3  The Load System 65

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 66

4.1 Presentation of Results 66

4.1.1 Electric Energy Consumption in FUTO 66

4.2 Analysis of Otamiri Hydrological Output 67

1. 4.2.1  Otamiri River Flow Duration Curve 69

2. 4.2.2  Otamiri River Hydrograph 70

1. 4.3  Analysis of Otamiri Small Hydropower Output 71

2. 4.4  Analysis of PV Peak Power Output 73

1. 4.4.1  Battery Rating and Selection 77

2. 4.4.2  Inverter Rating and Selection 78

3. 4.4.3  Solar Charge Controller Rating and Selection 78

1. 4.5  Power Output from a Small Hydro/PV Hybrid System 79

2. 4.6  Discussions 79

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATONS 83

1. 5.1  Conclusion 83

2. 5.2  Achievements of the Study 84

3. 5.3  Recommendations 84

REFERENCES 86